Unassisted overall water splitting with a solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency of over 10% by coupled lead halide perovskite photoelectrodes

Abstract

Hydrogen is a promising future sustainable fuel candidate with boundless opportunities. Research into photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting based on a lead halide perovskite (LHP) has progressed significantly with the aim of more efficient solar hydrogen production. Herein, we unite a well-known photo-absorbing LHP with cost-effective water-splitting catalysts, and we introduce two types of monolithic LHP-based PEC devices that act as a photocathode and a photoanode for the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, leading to efficient unbiased overall water splitting.Through the integration of these two monolithic LHP-based photoelectrodes, an unbiased solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 10.64% and a photocurrent density of 8.65 mA cm −2 are achieved.perovskite, photoelectrochemical cell, photoelectrode, unassisted | INTRODUCTIONPhotoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, 1 a promising artificial photosynthesis method, is a potential alternative technique for generating renewable fuel. Conventional PEC devices with metal oxides can generate renewable energy sources, such as hydrogen, from water splitting, which can alleviate CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels. However, most readily employed metal oxide-based PEC devices exhibit poor photocurrent density under 1 sun conditions and Carbon Energy.

Stable perovskite photocathodes for efficient hydrogen evolution in acidic and basic conditions

“…The considerably high photocurrent saturation voltage value (∼0.57 V) and large onset potential (∼0.95 V) of PS-modified devices open the avenue for integrating perovskite-based photocathodes with high-efficiency photoanodes for bias-free overall water splitting. 47–50…”

Technoeconomic Model and Pathway to <$2/kg Green Hydrogen Using Integrated Halide Perovskite Photoelectrochemical Cells

“…Lifetime , or stability, for use as a figure of merit can only be collected by operating a 2-electrode system under illumination at short-circuit conditions. Operation in 3-electrode mode with additional bias (operating a photocathode at 0 V vs RHE for example) overestimates the complete system lifetime. , Ideally, product hydrogen and oxygen would be quantified similarly with efficiency. However, it is also possible to measure chronoamperometry (current at constant voltage) at 0 V versus counterelectrode and couple it with supplementary measurements of Faradaic efficiency.…”

Stable Cs2ReX6 (X – Cl, Br) vacancy-ordered perovskites for solar water splitting

“…The device architecture in these devices follows a multilayer photovoltaic configuration with electron/hole transport layers for selective charge extraction and metal contacts. On top of these multilayer configurations, protection layers based on (i) InBiSn alloy (Field’s metal), 19,20 (ii) metal foils including titanium and nickel, 21,22 (iii) carbon materials, 23 and (iv) atomic layer deposited oxides, 24 were employed. Essentially all the selective charge extraction layers, metal contacts plus the additional protection layers act to prevent contact between perovskite and the electrolyte.…”