Unaccompanied hadron flux at a depth of 730 g cm^-2, 10²<E<10⁴GeV

Measurement of the Proton-Air Cross Section ats=57 TeVwith the Pierre Auger Observatory

“…From simulations we find [18][19][20][30][31][32][33][34] for references) and model predictions. The inner error bars are statistical, while the outer include systematic uncertainties for a helium fraction of 25 % and 10 mb for the systematic uncertainty attributed to the fraction of photons.…”

Measurement of the cosmic ray hadron spectrum up to 30 TeV at mountain altitude: the primary proton spectrum

“…the proton one. Its measurement has been carried on in the past, both at sea level [1][2][3][4][5][6] and at mountain altitude [7][8][9][10][11], using different experimental techniques, like emulsion chambers, magnetic spectrometers and calorimeters. The knowledge of the primary proton spectrum is of main relevance for the understanding of the cosmic rays acceleration mechanisms and of the propagation processes in the Galaxy.…”

Measurement of the proton-air cross section with Telescope Array’s Middle Drum detector and surface array in hybrid mode

“…The result of this work is shown in comparison to other experimental results ( [28], [1], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [2], [34]). In addition, the high energy models (QGSJETII.4, QGSJET01, SIBYLL, EPOS-LHC) cross section predictions are also shown by solid line, fine dashed line, dotted line, and dashed line consecutively.…”

“…The result of the proton-air cross section is then compared to the results obtained from various experimental results ( [28], [1], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [2], [34]) Figures 7. In addition, the experimental results of the high energy models (QGSJETII.4, QGSJET01, SIBYLL, EPOS-LHC) cross section predictions are also included. This includes the statistical (outer/thinner error bar) and the systematic (inner/thicker error bar).…”