Um “fato social total”: COVID-19 e povos indígenas no Brasil

Santos, Ricardo Ventura; Pontes, Ana Lúcia; Coimbra, Carlos E. A.

doi:10.1590/0102-311x00268220

Cited by 40 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The high mortality rate in the north region can be related to the marked presence of the indigenous population [ 35 ]. Research studies have shown that all people are immunologically susceptible to COVID-19, however, this population is more vulnerable to epidemics due to worse social, economic and health conditions, increasing the spread of diseases [ 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Castro

Santos²,

Sousa

et al. 2021

Epidemiol. Infect.

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The objective of this study was to analyse the dynamics of spatial dispersion of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Brazil by correlating them to socioeconomic indicators. This is an ecological study of COVID-19 cases and deaths between 26 February and 31 July 2020. All Brazilian counties were used as units of analysis. The incidence, mortality, Bayesian incidence and mortality rates, global and local Moran indices were calculated. A geographic weighted regression analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between incidence and mortality due to COVID-19 and socioeconomic indicators (independent variables). There were confirmed 2 662 485 cases of COVID-19 reported in Brazil from February to July 2020 with higher rates of incidence in the north and northeast. The Moran global index of incidence rate (0.50, P = 0.01) and mortality (0.45 with P = 0.01) indicate a positive spatial autocorrelation with high standards in the north, northeast and in the largest urban centres between cities in the southeast region. In the same period, there were 92 475 deaths from COVID-19, with higher mortality rates in the northern states of Brazil, mainly Amazonas, Pará and Amapá. The results show that there is a geospatial correlation of COVID-19 in large urban centres and regions with the lowest human development index in the country. In the geographic weighted regression, it was possible to identify that the percentage of people living in residences with density higher than 2 per dormitory, the municipality human development index (MHDI) and the social vulnerability index were the indicators that most contributed to explaining incidence, social development index and the municipality human development index contributed the most to the mortality model. We hope that the findings will contribute to reorienting public health responses to combat COVID-19 in Brazil, the new epicentre of the disease in South America, as well as in other countries that have similar epidemiological and health characteristics to those in Brazil.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Castro

Santos²,

Sousa

et al. 2021

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…The first was approved to establish emergency actions to combat the advance of COVID-19 in Indigenous communities 11 , while the second demanded from the federal government the Indigenous right to exist. Although these were historical acts, the main loophole for Indigenous communities is still unresolved (32). Once again, the structural racism long experienced by Indigenous Peoples rears its ugly head (31,33,34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Under-Reporting of COVID-19 Cases Among Indigenous Peoples in Brazil: A New Expression of Old Inequalities

Fellows

Paye²,

Alencar

et al. 2021

Front. Psychiatry

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Objective: To estimate the incidence, mortality and lethality rates of COVID-19 among Indigenous Peoples in the Brazilian Amazon. Additionally, to analyze how external threats can contribute to spread the disease in Indigenous Lands (IL).Methods: The Brazilian Amazon is home to nearly half a million Indigenous persons, representing more than 170 ethnic groups. As a pioneer in heading Indigenous community-based surveillance (I-CBS) in Brazil, the Coordination of the Indigenous Organizations of the Brazilian Amazon (COIAB) started to monitor Indigenous COVID-19 cases in March of 2020. Brazil's Ministry of Health (MOH) was the main source of data regarding non-Indigenous cases and deaths; to contrast the government's tally, we used the information collected by I-CBS covering 25 Special Indigenous Sanitary Districts (DSEI) in the Brazilian Amazon. The incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19 were calculated using the total number of new cases and deaths accumulated between the 9th and 40th epidemiological weeks. We studied (a) the availability of health care facilities to attend to Indigenous Peoples; (b) illegal mines, land grabbing, and deforestation to perform a geospatial analysis to assess how external threats affect Indigenous incidence and mortality rates. We used the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with Poisson regression to show the results.Results: MOH registered 22,127 cases and 330 deaths, while COIAB's survey recorded 25,356 confirmed cases and 670 deaths, indicating an under-reporting of 14 and 103%, respectively. Likewise, the incidence and mortality rates were 136 and 110% higher among Indigenous when compared with the national average. In terms of mortality, the most critical DSEIs were Alto Rio Solimões, Cuiabá, Xavante, Vilhena and Kaiapó do Pará. The GLM model reveals a direct correlation between deforestation, land grabbing and mining, and the incidence of cases among the Indigenous.Conclusion: Through this investigation it was possible to verify that not only the incidence and mortality rates due to COVID-19 among Indigenous Peoples are higher than those observed in the general population, but also that the data presented by the federal government are underreported. Additionally, it was evident that the presence of illegal economic activities increased the risk of spreading COVID-19 in ILs.

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“…Thirdly, it should be noted that the indigenous population has many sociocultural specificities, which influence their relationship with the environment in which they live, their way of life and also the health–disease process. An example of this is the high number of residents per household, the sharing of personal utensils, and collective ceremonies such as weddings and funerals [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 on the indigenous population of Brazil: a geo-epidemiological study

et al. 2021

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This study aimed to analyse the geographical distribution of COVID-19 and to identify highrisk areas in space and time for the occurrence of cases and deaths in the indigenous population of Brazil. This is an ecological study carried out between 24 March and 26 October 2020 whose units of analysis were the Special Indigenous Sanitary Districts. The Getis-Ord General G and Getis-Ord Gi* techniques were used to verify the spatial association of the phenomena and a retrospective space−time scan was performed. There were 32041 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 471 deaths. The non-randomness of cases (z score = 5.40; p <0.001) and deaths (z score = 3.83; p <0.001) were confirmed. Hotspots were identified for cases and deaths in the north and midwest regions of Brazil. Sixteen high-risk space−time clusters were identified for the occurrence of cases with a higher RR=21.23 (p <0.001) and four risk clusters for deaths with a higher RR=80.33 (p <0.001). These clusters were identified from 22 May and were active until 10 October 2020. The results indicate critical areas in the indigenous territories of Brazil and contribute to better directing the actions of control of COVID-19 in this population.

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Um “fato social total”: COVID-19 e povos indígenas no Brasil

Cited by 40 publications

References 3 publications

Spatial dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Spatial dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Under-Reporting of COVID-19 Cases Among Indigenous Peoples in Brazil: A New Expression of Old Inequalities

Impact of COVID-19 on the indigenous population of Brazil: a geo-epidemiological study

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