Ultraviolet photolysis of four typical cardiovascular drugs: mechanisms, influencing factors, degradation pathways, and toxicity trends

Synthesis of heterostructure ferromagnetic photocatalyst FMMWCNTs@GLYMO@WO3 and its performance for photodegradation of metronidazole and acetaminophen in water

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that as drug production and consumption rise, despite improvements in disease treatment and prevention, pollutants are introduced into the environment via industrial and municipal wastewater from sources such as pharmaceutical plants, hospitals, and livestock farms. The existence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic settings can lead to allergic reactions and, in certain instances, direct poisoning (Tan et al 2020;Ping et al 2021). Moreover, the presence of pharmaceuticals in our surroundings poses risks to both the functioning of ecosystems and human health.…”

Metoprolol elicits neurobehavioral insufficiency and oxidative damage in nontarget Nauphoeta cinerea nymphs

“…Metoprolol is a β‐adrenergic receptor blocker commonly prescribed for the treatment of acute anxiety‐related disorders, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases 1–3 . Metoprolol is ranked among the top 20 frequently prescribed drugs in the United States and its consumption has been snowballing yearly across the globe 4,5 . Owing to the extensive use in human and veterinary medicine, metoprolol is frequently been detected in various environmental matrices globally, thus constituting a contaminant of emerging concern 6–8 .…”

“…Previous studies indicated that metoprolol has the utmost concentration in water due to its high solubility and persistence in the aquatic medium 6 . The residual metoprolol concentrations were reported to be 2.2 μg/L in Frankfurt, Germany 14 and 6.94 μg/L in Budapest, Hungary 5,15 . Generally, β‐receptor antagonists are referred to as “pseudopersistent” compounds with half‐lives of 3.0–8.7 days in aquatic medium where they reportedly elicit toxicity to green algae ( Scenedesmus vacuolatus ), marine bacteria ( Vibrio fischeri ), duckweed ( Lemna minor ), soil/sediment bacteria ( Arthrobacter globiformis ), daphnids, and fish at environmentally relevant concentrations varying from 0.5 μg/L to 77 mg/L 6,16,17 .…”

“…tion has been snowballing yearly across the globe. 4,5 Owing to the extensive use in human and veterinary medicine, metoprolol is frequently been detected in various environmental matrices globally, thus constituting a contaminant of emerging concern. [6][7][8] The aquatic environment is largely contaminated with metoprolol through discharge of sewage treatment plants effluents while the terrestrial environment is often contaminated through sewage sludge disposal, irrigation of crops with wastewater, feces discharged by animals, dumping of expired drugs into landfills as well as the direct application of animal manure for soil amendment.…”

“…6 The residual metoprolol concentrations were reported to be 2.2 μg/L in Frankfurt, Germany 14 and 6.94 μg/L in Budapest, Hungary. 5,15 Generally, β-receptor antagonists are referred to as "pseudopersistent" compounds with half-lives of 3.0-8.7 days in aquatic medium where they reportedly elicit toxicity to green algae (Scenedesmus vacuolatus), marine bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), duckweed (Lemna minor), soil/sediment bacteria (Arthrobacter globiformis), daphnids, and fish at environmentally relevant concentrations varying from 0.5 μg/L to 77 mg/L. 6,16,17 In fish, metoprolol reportedly induced ultrastructural changes in the gills, kidney and liver of rainbow trout following exposure at concentrations of 1-100 μg/L for 28 days.…”