Ultrastructure and phylogeny of a new species of mixotrophic dinoflagellate,<i>Paragymnodinium stigmaticum sp. nov</i>. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)

Yokouchi, Koh; Onuma, Ryo; Horiguchi, Takeo

doi:10.2216/17-140.1

Cited by 8 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…, Yokouchi et al. ). Paragymnodinium stigmaticum possesses an eyespot, whereas P. shiwhaense lacks it (Kang et al.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, Yokouchi et al. ). Although this genus is robustly included in the clade Gymnodinium sensu stricto based on the phylogenetic analysis, both of its species lack the three key characters defining Gymnodinium (i.e., a horseshoe‐shaped apical groove, nuclear envelope chambers, and a nuclear fibrous connective; Daugbjerg et al.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…, Yokouchi et al. ). The mixotrophic nutritional mode is frequently encountered among various eukaryotes, including the dinoflagellates, and it has an important role in aquatic ecosystems (Hansen , Mitra et al.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Later, Yokouchi et al. () described another species P. stigmaticum . Currently, only these two species of Paragymnodinium are known, both of which are marine, one P. shiwhaense, planktonic and the other P. stigmaticum, benthic (Kang et al.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…), while the engulfment of the prey cell in P. stigmaticum does not involve a peduncle (Yokouchi et al. ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Ultrastructure and Systematics of Two New Species of Dinoflagellate, Paragymnodinium Asymmetricum sp. nov. and Paragymnodinium Inerme sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)¹

Yokouchi

Takahashi

Nguyen³

et al. 2020

Journal of Phycology

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The genus Paragymnodinium currently includes two species, P. shiwhaense and P. stigmaticum, that are characterized by mixotrophic nutrition and the possession of nematocysts. In this study, two new dinoflagellates belonging to this genus were described based on observations using LM, SEM, and TEM together with a molecular analysis. Cells of P. asymmetricum sp. nov., isolated from Nha Trang Beach, Vietnam, were 7.9–12.6 μm long and 4.7–9.0 μm wide. The species showed no evidence of feeding behavior and was able to sustain itself phototrophically. Paragymnodinium asymmetricum shared many features with P. shiwhaense, including presence of nematocysts, absence of an eyespot, and a planktonic lifestyle, but was clearly distinguished by the asymmetric shape of the hyposome, possession of a single chloroplast, and its nutritional mode. Cells of P. inerme sp. nov., isolated from Jogashima, Kanagawa Pref, Japan, were 15.3–23.7 μm long and 10.9–19.6 μm wide. This species also showed no evidence of feeding behavior. Paragymnodinium inerme was similar to cells of P. shiwhaense in shape and planktonic lifestyle, but its nutritional mode was different. The presence of incomplete nematocysts was also a unique feature. A phylogenetic analysis inferred from concatenated SSU and LSU rDNA sequences recovered the two dinoflagellates in a robust clade with Paragymnodinium spp., within the clade of Gymnodinium sensu stricto. This evidence, together with their morphological similarities, made it reasonable to conclude that these two dinoflagellates are new species of Paragymnodinium.

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“…, Yokouchi et al. ). Paragymnodinium stigmaticum possesses an eyespot, whereas P. shiwhaense lacks it (Kang et al.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), while the engulfment of the prey cell in P. stigmaticum does not involve a peduncle (Yokouchi et al. ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrastructure and Systematics of Two New Species of Dinoflagellate, Paragymnodinium Asymmetricum sp. nov. and Paragymnodinium Inerme sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)¹

Yokouchi

Takahashi

Nguyen³

et al. 2020

Journal of Phycology

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Effects of irradiance and temperature on the growth and feeding of the obligate mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium smaydae

et al. 2020

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Protistan plankton communities in the Galápagos Archipelago respond to changes in deep water masses resulting from the 2015/16 El Niño

Neave

Seim

Gifford

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The Galapagos Archipelago lies within the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean at the convergence of major ocean currents that are subject to changes in circulation. The nutrient-rich Equatorial Undercurrent upwells from the west onto the Galapagos platform, stimulating primary production, but this source of deep water weakens during El Nino events. From measurements collected on repeat cruises, the 2015/16 El Nino was associated with declines in phytoplankton biomass at most sites throughout the archipelago and reduced utilization of nitrate, particularly in large-sized phytoplankton in the western region. Protistan assemblages were identified by sequencing the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene. Dinoflagellates, chlorophytes, and diatoms dominated most sites. Shifts in dinoflagellate communities were most apparent between the years; parasitic dinoflagellates, Syndiniales, were highly detected during the El Nino (2015) while the dinoflagellate genus, Gyrodinium dominated many sites during the neutral period (2016). Variations in protistan communities were most strongly correlated with changes in subthermocline water density. These findings indicate that marine protistan communities in this region are regimented by deep water mass sources and thus could be profoundly affected by altered ocean circulation.

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Ultrastructure and phylogeny of a new species of mixotrophic dinoflagellate,Paragymnodinium stigmaticum sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)

Cited by 8 publications

References 40 publications

Ultrastructure and Systematics of Two New Species of Dinoflagellate, Paragymnodinium Asymmetricum sp. nov. and Paragymnodinium Inerme sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)¹

Ultrastructure and Systematics of Two New Species of Dinoflagellate, Paragymnodinium Asymmetricum sp. nov. and Paragymnodinium Inerme sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)¹

Effects of irradiance and temperature on the growth and feeding of the obligate mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium smaydae

Protistan plankton communities in the Galápagos Archipelago respond to changes in deep water masses resulting from the 2015/16 El Niño

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Ultrastructure and phylogeny of a new species of mixotrophic dinoflagellate,Paragymnodinium stigmaticum sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)

Cited by 8 publications

References 40 publications

Ultrastructure and Systematics of Two New Species of Dinoflagellate, Paragymnodinium Asymmetricum sp. nov. and Paragymnodinium Inerme sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)1

Ultrastructure and Systematics of Two New Species of Dinoflagellate, Paragymnodinium Asymmetricum sp. nov. and Paragymnodinium Inerme sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)1

Effects of irradiance and temperature on the growth and feeding of the obligate mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium smaydae

Protistan plankton communities in the Galápagos Archipelago respond to changes in deep water masses resulting from the 2015/16 El Niño

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Ultrastructure and Systematics of Two New Species of Dinoflagellate, Paragymnodinium Asymmetricum sp. nov. and Paragymnodinium Inerme sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)¹

Ultrastructure and Systematics of Two New Species of Dinoflagellate, Paragymnodinium Asymmetricum sp. nov. and Paragymnodinium Inerme sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)¹