Abstract:The safe and effective delivery of anticancer agents to diseased tissues is one of the significant challenges in cancer therapy. Conventional anticancer agents are generally cytotoxins with poor pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Nanocarriers are nanosized particles, a few of which have received clinical approval, which increase the selectivity of anticancer drugs and genes transport to tumors. They are small enough to extravasate into solid tumors where they slowly release their therapeutic load by passive… Show more
“…However, excessive release can reduce the therapeutic efficacy, resulting in delayed drug delivery [ 28 ]. Hence, pulsatile or stimulus-responsive drug administration is investigated [ 27 , 29 ]. Figure 1 Multiple dosing results in plasma drug concentration profiles (green line) and zero-order release (orange line).…”
Recently, multifunctional drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been designed to provide a comprehensive approach with multiple functionalities, including diagnostic imaging, targeted drug delivery, and controlled drug release. Chitosan-based drug nanoparticles (CSNPs) systems are employed as diagnostic imaging and delivering the drug to particular targeted sites in a regulated manner. Drug release is an important factor in ensuring high reproducibility, stability, quality control of CSNPs, and scientific-based for developing CSNPs. Several factors influence drug release from CSNPs, including composition, composition ratio, ingredient interactions, and preparation methods. Early, CSNPs were used for improving drug solubility, stability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacotherapeutics properties. Chitosan has been developed toward a multifunctional drug delivery system by exploring positively charged properties and modifiable functional groups. Various modifications to the polymer backbone, charge, or functional groups will undoubtedly affect the drug release from CSNPs. The drug release from CSNPs has a significant influence on its therapeutic actions. Our review's objective was to summarize and discuss the relationship between the modification in CSNPs as multifunctional delivery systems and drug release properties and kinetics of the drug release model. Kinetic models help describe the release rate, leading to increased efficiency, accuracy, the safety of the dose, optimizing the drug delivery device's design, evaluating the drug release rate, and improvement of patient compatibility. In conclusion, almost all CSNPs showed bi-phasic release, initial burst release drug in a particular time followed controlled manner release in achieving the expected release, stimuli external can be applied. CSNPs are a promising technique for multifunctional drug delivery systems.
“…However, excessive release can reduce the therapeutic efficacy, resulting in delayed drug delivery [ 28 ]. Hence, pulsatile or stimulus-responsive drug administration is investigated [ 27 , 29 ]. Figure 1 Multiple dosing results in plasma drug concentration profiles (green line) and zero-order release (orange line).…”
Recently, multifunctional drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been designed to provide a comprehensive approach with multiple functionalities, including diagnostic imaging, targeted drug delivery, and controlled drug release. Chitosan-based drug nanoparticles (CSNPs) systems are employed as diagnostic imaging and delivering the drug to particular targeted sites in a regulated manner. Drug release is an important factor in ensuring high reproducibility, stability, quality control of CSNPs, and scientific-based for developing CSNPs. Several factors influence drug release from CSNPs, including composition, composition ratio, ingredient interactions, and preparation methods. Early, CSNPs were used for improving drug solubility, stability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacotherapeutics properties. Chitosan has been developed toward a multifunctional drug delivery system by exploring positively charged properties and modifiable functional groups. Various modifications to the polymer backbone, charge, or functional groups will undoubtedly affect the drug release from CSNPs. The drug release from CSNPs has a significant influence on its therapeutic actions. Our review's objective was to summarize and discuss the relationship between the modification in CSNPs as multifunctional delivery systems and drug release properties and kinetics of the drug release model. Kinetic models help describe the release rate, leading to increased efficiency, accuracy, the safety of the dose, optimizing the drug delivery device's design, evaluating the drug release rate, and improvement of patient compatibility. In conclusion, almost all CSNPs showed bi-phasic release, initial burst release drug in a particular time followed controlled manner release in achieving the expected release, stimuli external can be applied. CSNPs are a promising technique for multifunctional drug delivery systems.
“…Recent investigations are exploring to establish targeted curative methods by using outside forces, together with electromagnetic fields, light, ultrasound, temperature, and mechanical forces to improve drug concentration within cancer locations [10][11][12]. In this method, the drug substance is restricted to a particular targeted site through superficially created magnetization.…”
Nanoparticles have gained increased attention due to the prospection of drug delivery at target sites, thus limiting the systemic effects of the drugs. Their efficiency was further improved by adding special carriers such as magnetite (Fe3O4). It is one of the extensively used oxides of iron for both pharmaceutical and biomedical applications owing to its ease of preparation and biocompatibility. In this work, Gemcitabine magnetic nanoparticles were prepared using Fe3O4 and chitosan as the primary ingredients. Optimization was accomplished by BoxâBehnken Design and factor interactions were evaluated. The desirability function approach was made to enhance the formulation concerning particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. Based on this, optimized magnetic nanoparticles (O-MNP) were formulated with 300 mg of Fe3O4, 297.7 mg of chitosan, and a sonication time of 2.4 h, which can achieve the prerequisites of the target formulation. All other in vitro parameters were found to be following the requirement. In vitro cytotoxic studies for O-MNP were performed using cell cultures of breast cancer (MCF-7), leukemia (THP-1), prostate cancer (PC-3), and lung cancer (A549). O-MNP showed maximum inhibition growth with MCF-7 cell lines rather than other cell lines. The data observed here demonstrates the potential of magnetic nanoparticles of gemcitabine in treating breast cancers.
“…Both micelles and liposomes have proven to be remarkable smart drug delivery systems (SDDSs) due to their ease of preparation, biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, efficient and versatile loading capacity, controlled release kinetics, and the possibility and ease of functionalization [52], [53]. Describes the drug dissolution of several types of modified release dosage forms, some transdermal systems and matrix tablets with low soluble drugs in coated forms, osmotic systems, etc.…”
Section: Kinetic Modeling Of Drug Release From Micelles and Liposomes For Cancer Therapymentioning
Nanocarriers such as micelles and liposomes were developed to enhance the delivery of therapeutic drugs to tumors. Internal or external stimuli can be applied to achieve spatiotemporal controlled release from these carriers. This will result in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of anti-neoplastic drugs while reducing their toxicity. Mathematical modeling is used to simulate drug release from nanocarriers; this will facilitate and optimize the development and design of desirable nanocarriers in a systematic manner, rather than the existing trial-and-error approach. This review summarizes nine mathematical models often used to simulate drug release from drug delivery systems and reviews studies that employed these models to simulate drug release from conventional micelles and liposomes, as well as temperature-, pH-, and ultrasound-triggered micelles and liposomes.
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