2014
DOI: 10.1136/vr.101758
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Ultrasound‐guided atlanto‐occipital puncture for cerebrospinal fluid analysis on the standing horse

Abstract: The atlanto-occipital site (AO) is convenient for retrieving an adequate volume and quality of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the diagnosis of neurological disease in horses. However, general anaesthesia is not always possible for horses displaying severe neurological signs, or for economical reasons. The objectives of the present work were to determine the feasibility and safety of ultrasound-guided CSF puncture at the AO site on the standing horse. Seven horses (six healthy and one mildly ataxic) were sedated … Show more

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Cited by 22 publications
(29 citation statements)
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“…All but one sample were clear and colourless and all had no or minimal microscopic evidence of blood contamination. Compared with samples from horses, the erythrocyte count of CSF samples was higher [15,16] or similar [17] in the cattle of the present study, but smaller than in samples collected using blind puncture without ultrasonographic guidance [8,9]. A minimum erythrocyte count of about 2000 to 3000 cells/μl is required to render a CSF sample grossly discoloured or turbid [10,11,22], and blood contamination often goes macroscopically unnoticed [9,11,12].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 53%
“…All but one sample were clear and colourless and all had no or minimal microscopic evidence of blood contamination. Compared with samples from horses, the erythrocyte count of CSF samples was higher [15,16] or similar [17] in the cattle of the present study, but smaller than in samples collected using blind puncture without ultrasonographic guidance [8,9]. A minimum erythrocyte count of about 2000 to 3000 cells/μl is required to render a CSF sample grossly discoloured or turbid [10,11,22], and blood contamination often goes macroscopically unnoticed [9,11,12].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 53%
“…In longitudinal section, the spinal cord appeared as a hypoechoic band characterised by the hyperechoic central canal and the hyperechoic pia mater visible on the dorsal and ventral surfaces. It was circular in cross-section, and the internal structure was partially heterogeneous in both planes as described in the horse [ 15 , 16 , 18 ]. The subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord was anechoic to hypoechoic, had a heterogeneous internal structure and was bordered by the hyperechoic pia mater and the hyperechoic arachnoidea and dura mater, but the latter two structures could not be differentiated.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The internal structure of the subarachnoid space appeared heterogeneous in both planes in the cows of the present study. The mean height of the subarachnoid space dorsal and ventral to the spinal cord was 8.9 mm and 8.4 mm, compared with about 1.5 cm for the dorsal section in the standing horses [ 16 ]. This difference may relate to the larger body size of horses compared with cattle.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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