2015
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0545-z
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Ultrasonographic examination of the spinal cord and collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the atlanto-occipital space in cattle

Abstract: BackgroundThis study describes the ultrasonographic appearance of the atlanto-occipital space and ultrasound-guided collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cattle. The atlanto-occipital space of 73 euthanized cattle (group A) and 14 live cattle with neurological disorders (group B) was examined in the sagittal and transverse planes using a 5.0-MHz convex transducer. Optimal ultrasonograms were frozen on the screen and various variables were measured in both planes using the electronic cursors. Puncture of t… Show more

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Cited by 14 publications
(19 citation statements)
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“…Ultrasound-guided collection of cerebrospinal fluid at the atlanto-occipital foramen [ 10 ] produced transparent colourless fluid with a protein content of 0.32 g/l and a leukocyte count of one cell/µl. Ultrasonographic examination of the neck swelling showed hyperechoic fluid with gaseous inclusions surrounded by a thin capsule indicative of an abscess in the subcutaneous tissues and neck musculature.…”
Section: Case Presentationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ultrasound-guided collection of cerebrospinal fluid at the atlanto-occipital foramen [ 10 ] produced transparent colourless fluid with a protein content of 0.32 g/l and a leukocyte count of one cell/µl. Ultrasonographic examination of the neck swelling showed hyperechoic fluid with gaseous inclusions surrounded by a thin capsule indicative of an abscess in the subcutaneous tissues and neck musculature.…”
Section: Case Presentationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Atlano‐occipital space ultrasonographic anatomy of goat is similar to cattle that has been described previously (Braun & Attiger, 2016). The AO space is edged cranially by occiput and caudally by the atlas.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 62%
“…Complications of blind CSF sampling can include nerve damage or even death of the animal. In addition, it can lead to blood contamination of the sample compromising evaluation and requires forceful ventro‐flexion of the head which may result in respiratory compromise (Braun & Attiger, 2016).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…All other measured variables (white blood cell count; concentrations of fibrinogen, urea, bilirubin and electrolytes; enzyme activities) were within the reference ranges. CSF collected at the atlanto-occipital foramen under ultrasonographic guidance [13] was colourless, slightly turbid and had a markedly increased leukocyte count of 2437 cells/µl (reference range <10 cells/µl). Cell differentiation showed severe mixed pleocytosis with 59% neutrophils, 26% lymphocytes, 9% eosinophils and 6% monocytes (Fig.…”
Section: Case Presentationmentioning
confidence: 99%