Ultrasonographic examination of the spinal cord and collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the atlanto-occipital space in cattle

Braun, Ueli; Attiger, Jeannette; Brammertz, Carina

doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0545-z

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Ultrasound-guided collection of cerebrospinal fluid at the atlanto-occipital foramen [ 10 ] produced transparent colourless fluid with a protein content of 0.32 g/l and a leukocyte count of one cell/µl. Ultrasonographic examination of the neck swelling showed hyperechoic fluid with gaseous inclusions surrounded by a thin capsule indicative of an abscess in the subcutaneous tissues and neck musculature.…”

Section: Case Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abscess of the cervical spine secondary to injection site infection in a heifer

et al. 2017

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BackgroundAbscesses in the neck region can result from infection associated with injection of drugs into the neck muscles. To our knowledge, there have been no reports of osteomyelitis of the cervical vertebra and spinal cord compression secondary to an abscess in the neck. This case report describes the findings in a 9.5-month-old heifer with an abscess of the cervical spine secondary to injection site infection.Case presentationThe main clinical findings were swelling on the left side of the neck, proprioceptive deficits in all limbs and generalised ataxia. The ultrasonographic examination of the swelling showed an abscess. Radiographs showed a well-defined lytic lesion in 5th cervical vertebra (C5). Postmortem examination revealed an intramuscular encapsulated abscess on the left side of the neck at the level of C5. The abscess had invaded the vertebral canal and caused marked compression of the spinal cord.ConclusionsInjection technique is critical for the prevention of problems such as those described in this report. Sterile hypodermic needles must be used, and the volume of drug per injection site limited to 10–15 ml in young cattle.

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Section: Case Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abscess of the cervical spine secondary to injection site infection in a heifer

et al. 2017

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“…Atlano‐occipital space ultrasonographic anatomy of goat is similar to cattle that has been described previously (Braun & Attiger, 2016). The AO space is edged cranially by occiput and caudally by the atlas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Complications of blind CSF sampling can include nerve damage or even death of the animal. In addition, it can lead to blood contamination of the sample compromising evaluation and requires forceful ventro‐flexion of the head which may result in respiratory compromise (Braun & Attiger, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It participates in the exchange of many biochemical materials of central nervous system (CNS). There are two sites for the collection of CSF: Atlanto-occipital (AO) space (Lahunta & Glass, 2009) and lumbosacral foramen (LSF) (Braun et al, 2015) (De Lahunta et al, 2014). In goats, needle insertion site is selected by skeletal landmarks exactly at both locations but the puncture is blind without the visualization of sub-arachnoid space (Kumar & Kumar, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasonography of the spinal cord and the collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the Atlanto‐occipital space in goat

Shahid

Khan

Naseer

et al. 2021

Anat Histol Embryol

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Ultrasonography, a non-invasive and useful technique, is used for the examination of Atlanto-occipital space structural visualization. The collection of cerebrospinal fluid is more accurate and easier under ultrasound-guided procedure. In this study, longitudinal and transverse views of the Atlanto-occipital space were scanned and their different structural dimensions were measured in sixty healthy Beetal goats. In longitudinal plane, gap between skin and arachnoidea ranged from 8.71 to 10.21 mm (mean ± SD, 9.76 ± 0.44 mm). Depth of the subarachnoid gap dorsal and ventral to the spinal cord ranged from 2.14 to 3.23 mm (mean ± SD, 2.81 ± 0.33mm) and from 6.09 to 7.68 (mean ± SD, 7.02 ± 0.45 mm) respectively. Spinal cord diameter varied from 3.76 to 5.26 mm (mean ± SD, 4.57 ± 0.44 mm) and entire dural sac diameter varied from 12.59 to 15.69 mm (mean ± SD, 14.37 ± 0.74 mm). The spinal cord can be seen only in longitudinal plane over a distance of 1.81 to 2.93 mm (mean ± SD, 2.46 ± 0.35 mm). While in the transverse plane, gap between the skin and arachnoidea ranged from 11.01 to 13.11 mm (mean ± SD, 12.39 ± 0.54 mm). Depth of the subarachnoid space dorsal and ventral to spinal cord varied from 5.05 to 6.13 mm (mean ± SD, 5.59 ± 0.34 mm) and 4.12 to 5.25 (mean ± SD, 4.65 ± 0.29 mm) respectively. Spinal cord diameter ranged from 4.45 to 5.90 mm (mean ± SD, 5.24 ± 0.44 mm) and entire dural sac diameter varied from 14.68 to 16.96 mm (mean ± SD, 15.58 ± 0.57 mm). These standard measurements will be the reference values in healthy Beetal goats. Cerebrospinal fluid was colourless with the quantity of 2-4 ml (mean ± SD, 3 ± 0.89 ml). It was neither turbid nor coagulate. The white blood cell count was 10/µl and red blood cells were not present. Furthermore, total protein and glucose were also measured, which ranged from 23.5 to 28 mg/dl (mean ± SD, 25.78 ± 2.32 mg/dl) and 38-50 mg/dl (mean ± SD, 43.33 ± 4.60 mg/dl) respectively. Ziehl-Neelsen Staining and gram staining were negative.

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“…All other measured variables (white blood cell count; concentrations of fibrinogen, urea, bilirubin and electrolytes; enzyme activities) were within the reference ranges. CSF collected at the atlanto-occipital foramen under ultrasonographic guidance [13] was colourless, slightly turbid and had a markedly increased leukocyte count of 2437 cells/µl (reference range <10 cells/µl). Cell differentiation showed severe mixed pleocytosis with 59% neutrophils, 26% lymphocytes, 9% eosinophils and 6% monocytes (Fig.…”

Section: Case Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computed tomographic findings and treatment of a bull with pituitary gland abscess

et al. 2017

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BackgroundIn cattle, the prognosis of brain abscess is unfavourable and treatment is therefore not recommended. To the knowledge of the authors, there has been no report of successful treatment of a brain abscess in cattle.This report describes the clinical, computed tomographic and postmortem findings in a Holstein–Friesian bull with a hypophyseal abscess.Case reportThe main clinical findings were generalised ataxia, ptyalism, prolapse of the tongue, dropped jaw, dysphagia, head tilt and unilateral ptosis. Cerebrospinal fluid evaluation revealed 2437 leukocytes/µl and severe pleocytosis. CT examination of the head showed a cavitary lesion consistent with an abscess in the hypophysis. Treatment consisted of gentamicin and flunixin meglumine for 3 days and amoxicillin for 40 days. The neurological signs resolved within 8 days of the start of treatment. The bull was slaughtered 11 months later because of infertility, and a postmortem examination was carried out. Histologically, a mild chronic non suppurative meningoencephalitis restricted to the ventral diencephalon was diagnosed. In addition, there was mild to moderate multifocal chronic lymphoplasmacytic hypophysitis with mild multifocal fibrosis.ConclusionsThis case report stresses the significance of CT in confirming the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of central nervous system disorders in cattle and for localising brain lesions. Treatment of the brain abscess resulted, with respect to the central nervous disorder, in a successful outcome and was encouraging considering that most cases have an unfavourable prognosis.

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Ultrasonographic examination of the spinal cord and collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the atlanto-occipital space in cattle

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Abscess of the cervical spine secondary to injection site infection in a heifer

Abscess of the cervical spine secondary to injection site infection in a heifer

Ultrasonography of the spinal cord and the collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the Atlanto‐occipital space in goat

Computed tomographic findings and treatment of a bull with pituitary gland abscess

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