Ultrasound-assisted leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

Recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been studied using ultrasound-assisted leaching. The primary purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of ultrasound on leaching efficiency of cobalt and lithium. The results were compared to conventional leaching. In this study sulfuric acid was used as leaching agent in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The cathode active materials from spent battery were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after leaching. Effects of leaching time, leaching temperature, HSO concentration, HO concentration, solid/liquid ratio, and ultrasonic power have been studied. Optimal leaching efficiency of 94.63% for cobalt, and 98.62% for lithium, respectively, was achieved by using 2 M HSO with 5% (v/v) HO at a solid/liquid ratio of 100 g/L, and an ultrasonic power of 360 W, and the leaching time being 30 min under 30 °C. Compared with conventional leaching, the ultrasound-assisted leaching gave a higher leaching rate and improved leaching efficiency under the same experimental conditionals. The kinetic analysis of ultrasound-assisted leaching showed that the activation energy of cobalt and lithium were 3.848 KJ/mol and 11.6348 KJ/mol, respectively, indicating that ultrasound-assisted leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent LIBs was controlled by diffusion.

Ultrasound-assisted leaching of vanadium from fly ash using lemon juice organic acids

“…V ion in this pH range is soluble. NH 4 Cl was added to precipitate V as shown in eqn (18). Finally, ammonium metavanadate (NH 4 VO 3 ) was formed with a low solubility that led to a precipitate as the product.…”

Facile method for the selective recover of Gd and Pr from LCD screen wastes using ultrasound-assisted leaching

“…It is well-known that the ultrasound manages to produce mechanical effects, such as micro jets and shock waves, which cause microscopic turbulence in the solution and high-speed collisions between the solids [35]. These effects are difficult to achieve with conventional mechanical agitation [26].…”

“…In sonochemistry, molecules undergo a chemical reaction promoted by the application of ultrasound radiation (20 kHz -10 MHz) in solid-liquid systems; ultrasound enhances the diffusion of soluble species in the liquid phase and increases the rate of penetration into the solid principally by the cavitation effect, which leads to the creation of many microcracks on the solid surface. Furthermore, if the raw material is a powder, ultrasound energy can cause particle rupture, with a consequent increase in surface area available for reaction [26].…”

Facile method for the selective recovery of Gd and Pr from LCD screen wastes using ultrasound-assisted leaching

“…ultrasound enhances the diffusion of soluble species in the liquid phase and increases the rate of penetration into the solid principally by the cavitation effect, which leads to the creation of many microcracks on the solid surface. Furthermore, if the raw material is a powder, ultrasound energy can cause particle rupture, with a consequent increase in surface area available for reaction [26].…”