Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) stem: Quantitative process optimization and bioactives analysis

Abstract

Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia), a medicinal herb, contains several bioactives having immunomodulatory properties and various health benefits. In this study, giloy stem extract was derived using ultrasound process followed by screening of secondary metabolites and bioactives. Box–Behnken design coupled with RSM was employed for the optimization of yield, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of GSE with respect to solvent‐to‐solid (SS) ratio, sonication time (ST), and ultrasound amplitude (UA). The UA, ST and their interaction effects had significantly influenced the green extract yield and quality. The optimum extractions conditions were found to be 30% (UA), 10:1 (SS ratio), and 30 min (ST). The optimum responses were obtained as follows: extract yield: 9.614 ± 0.015%, TPC: 100.04 ± 0.133 (mg GAE/100 g extract), and DPPH % inhibition: 78.8523 ± 0.399%. Screening of optimized extract through HR‐LCMS‐QTOF reported the presence of major polyphenols such as malic acid, catechin, and quercitrin with a match factor of 99.23%, 98.65%, and 90.58%, respectively. Practical applications Giloy (T. cordifolia) is a potential source of bioactive compounds with significant medicinal properties and chemical stability. Recent trends suggest paradigm shift toward research and development of active food from the herbal plant for special purposes such as supplements, functional food, nutraceuticals, or medicine. Thus, non‐thermal extraction and characterization of extract for screening along with higher retention of bioactive from herbal plants such as giloy and its utilization becomes a crucial part of any industry. In this regard, the present study on ultrasound extraction is the way ahead due to high bioactive retention and the cost implications of the process.

Impact of different drying techniques on grapefruit peels and subsequent optimization of ultrasonic extraction conditions for bioactive compounds

“…This could be explained by the fact that a decrease in the dielectric constant with an increase in ethanol concentration may resulted in an increase in the solubility and diffusivity of the TPC in the solvent. Moreover, at high concentrations of ethanol, the plant tissue dehydrates, the proteins denature, and the diffusion of polyphenols from the plant material to the extraction liquid leads to a lower yield of bioactive compounds (Kumar, Kumar, et al, 2023 ). Also, the significant impact of sonication amplitude could be explained by the fact that, during UAE, the mechanical impact of rupturing the plant cell wall improves the extraction efficiency, higher solvent penetration into cellular materials, and promotes diffusion from the sample matrix.…”

“…Extraction of bioactives from citrus peels has been performed using variety of conventional methods such as soxhlet extraction (Jagannath & Biradar, 2019 ), steam distillation extraction (Reverchon & De Marco, 2006 ), solvent extraction (Li et al, 2006 ), and hot water extraction (Papoutsis et al, 2018 ). The novel green extraction methods have some advantages due to their reduced use of solvents, reduced time, waste generation, and high extraction yield (Kumar, Kumar, et al, 2023 ). Modern novel technologies, such as microwave‐assisted extraction (Wang et al, 2011 ), enzyme‐assisted extraction (Multari et al, 2021 ) supercritical water extraction (Ko et al, 2014 ), supercritical fluid extraction (Romano et al, 2022 ), and ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (Saini et al, 2019 ) have been used in accordance with the green extraction mandates.…”

“…In ultrasound‐assisted extraction, the acoustic cavitation process results into the cell wall breakdown during sonication and also increases the diffusion rates of bioactive components through the cell wall and membranes into the solvents (Kumar, Kumar, et al, 2023 ). Before extracting the bioactive compounds, the citrus peel must be dried to get the maximum recovery of polyphenols in less energy and time consumption.…”

Optimization of Ultrasound Treatment for Watermelon Vinegar Using Response Surface Methodology: Antidiabetic—Antihypertensive Effects, Bioactive Compounds, and Minerals

“…Ultrasounds are inaudible high-frequency mechanical waves (20 kHz to 10 MHz) [16]. Due to its environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and safe properties, ultrasonic technology is widely used in the food industry [17].…”