Ultrasonographic study of early embryonic loss induced by Actinomyces pyogenes in cattle

Semambo, D K; Boyd, J. S. K.; Taylor, D.; Ayliffe, TR; Omran, SN

doi:10.1136/vr.131.1.7

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…One of the advantages of UEs is that PL can be recognized by the absence of a heartbeat, the detachment of the fetal membranes, the appearance of particles in the fetal fluids, or the lack of the embryo proper [25,128]. UEs have revealed that LEM may occur in up to 23% of pregnancies [28,129].…”

Section: Ultrasonographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Possibilities for the Diagnosis of Early Pregnancy and Embryonic Mortality in Dairy Cows

Szenci

2021

Animals

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One of the most recent techniques for the on-farm diagnosis of early pregnancy (EP) in cattle is B-mode ultrasonography. Under field conditions, acceptable results may be achieved with ultrasonography from Days 25 to 30 post-AI. The reliability of the test greatly depends on the frequency of the transducer used, the skill of the examiner, the criterion used for a positive pregnancy diagnosis (PD), and the position of the uterus in the pelvic inlet. Non-pregnant animals can be selected accurately by evaluating blood flow in the corpus luteum around Day 20 after AI, meaning we can substantially improve the reproductive efficiency of our herd. Pregnancy protein assays (PSPB, PAG-1, and PSP60 RIA, commercial ELISA or rapid visual ELISA tests) may provide an alternative method to ultrasonography for determining early pregnancy or late embryonic/early fetal mortality (LEM/EFM) in dairy cows. Although the early pregnancy factor is the earliest specific indicator of fertilization, at present, its detection is entirely dependent on the use of the rosette inhibition test; therefore, its use in the field needs further developments. Recently found biomarkers like interferon-tau stimulated genes or microRNAs may help us diagnose early pregnancy in dairy cows; however, these tests need further developments before their general use in the farms becomes possible.

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Section: Ultrasonographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Possibilities for the Diagnosis of Early Pregnancy and Embryonic Mortality in Dairy Cows

Szenci

2021

Animals

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“…THERE is evidence that Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo localises in the genital tract of cattle (Ellis and others 1986). Uterine infections, such as bovine viral diarrhoea and Actinomyces pyogenes, alter the length of the oestrous cycle and cause embryonic death (Fredriksson and others 1988, Semambo and others 1992), but it is unknown whether hardjo is similarly pathogenic.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…None of the embryos died during the study period, that is, a heartbeat was detected in all cases from day 30 onwards. However, embryonic deaths have been observed following intrauterine inoculation of other bacterial or viral infections during early pregnancy or around insemination (Carlsson and others 1989, Semambo and others 1992, McGowan and others 1993). No specific explanation can be offered for low progesterone concentrations during early to mid pregnancy in infected heifers compared to controls.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection on progesterone concentrations in heifers

et al. 1997

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THERE is evidence that Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo localises in the genital tract of cattle (Ellis and others 1986). Uterine infections, such as bovine viral diarrhoea and Actinomyces pyogenes, alter the length of the oestrous cycle and cause embryonic death (Fredriksson and others 1988, Semambo and others 1992), but it is unknown whether hardjo is similarly pathogenic.In cattle, hardjo infection has been associated with subfertility which improves after vaccination (Hanson and others 1972, Dhaliwal and others 1996). Infection may have a direct effect on fertilisation and/or early embryonic signalling to the dam, or may interfere with corpus luteum function. The present study was designed to investigate progesterone concentrations during interoestrus intervals and early pregnancy in heifers infected experimentally with hardjo.Oestrus in 14 normally cyclic heifers, seronegative to hardjo, was synchronised using ear implants containing 6 mg norgestomet and 5 mg oestradiol valerate (Crestar; Intervet) for 10 days and an intramuscular injection of 25 mg prostaglandin F2a (Lutalyse; Upjohn) 24 hours before implant removal. At the synchronised oestrus, and on the following day, eight heifers were inoculated with 105 hardjo organisms diluted in 1 ml culture medium (Tween/80/40/lactalbumen hydrolysate) into the body of the uterus. Six control heifers were similarly inoculated with culture medium alone. All the heifers were observed for at least two hours daily for signs of oestrus and occasionally animals were examined manually per rectum for confirmation. All heifers were inseminated with antibiotic-free semen during the subsequent oestrus period (18 to 22 days later). Those returning to oestrus during the experimental period were reinseminated.Following inoculation (day 0), duplicate blood samples were collected from all heifers, with and without heparin for plasma and serum, respectively. Blood samples were taken on alternate days until day 60 of pregnancy; thereafter weekly samples were taken for a further four weeks or until the end of the experiment, whichever was earlier. Plasma was separated after centrifugation at 3000 g for 15 minutes and stored at -20°C pending hormone assay. Serum samples were collected at weekly intervals and kept at -20°C until assayed for hardjo antibodies.Plasma progesterone concentrations were estimated using

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“…One of the advantages of UEs is that PL can be recognised by the absence of a heartbeat, the detachment of the foetal membranes, the appearance of particles in the foetal fluids or the lack of the embryo proper [49,50]. UEs have revealed that LEM may occur in up to 23% of pregnancies [12,51].…”

Section: Diagnosis Of Pregnancy Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Possibilities for the Diagnosis and Pharmacological Control of Pregnancy Loss in Dairy Cow

Szenci¹

2015

JLS

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Abstract:One of the most recent techniques for the diagnosis of EP (early pregnancy) in cattle on the farm is B-mode ultrasonography. Under field conditions, acceptable results may be achieved with ultrasonography from days 25 to 30 post-AI. The reliability of the test greatly depends on the frequency of the transducer used, the skill of the examiner, the criterion used for a positive PD (pregnancy diagnosis) and the position of the uterus in the pelvic inlet. Pregnancy protein assays (PAG, PSPB) may provide an alternative method to ultrasonography for determining EP or LEM/EFM (late embryonic/early foetal mortality) in the cow. Although early pregnancy factor is the earliest specific indicator for fertilization, its detection is entirely dependend on the use of the RIT (rosette inhibition test), therefore its use in the field needs further inventions. Preventive pharmaceutical treatments with hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), GnRH (gonadotropin realising hormone), PRID (progesterone-releasing intravaginal device) or CIDR (controlled internal drug release) inserts at different time periods at or post-AI may have some benefit in decreasing PL (pregnancy loss), however further examinations are warranted to determine how and when these treatments may influence PL in the field.

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Ultrasonographic study of early embryonic loss induced by Actinomyces pyogenes in cattle

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Recent Possibilities for the Diagnosis of Early Pregnancy and Embryonic Mortality in Dairy Cows

Recent Possibilities for the Diagnosis of Early Pregnancy and Embryonic Mortality in Dairy Cows

Effect of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection on progesterone concentrations in heifers

Recent Possibilities for the Diagnosis and Pharmacological Control of Pregnancy Loss in Dairy Cow

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