Ultrasonographic characterization of the liver, caudal vena cava, portal vein, and gallbladder in goats

Braun, Ueli; Steininger, K

doi:10.2460/ajvr.72.2.219

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…The techniques described were also well suited for the examination of young calves in the present study, in which the liver could always be visualised at the 6th to 11th intercostal spaces. The liver can be imaged most frequently at the 10th to 12th intercostal spaces in adult cows [ 1 ], at the 7th to 9th intercostal spaces in goats [ 5 ] and at the 9th and 10th intercostal spaces in sheep [ 6 ]. The difference between species with regard to visibility of the liver at the last two intercostal spaces is most likely related to an anatomical difference between cattle and small ruminants; in the latter, the liver has a more upright position than in the former [ 23 ] and therefore is not usually imaged at the last two intercostal spaces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The liver was examined on the right side from the 5th intercostal space to the region caudal to the last rib in a dorsal-to-ventral direction with the transducer held parallel to the ribs using a technique described for adult cattle [ 1 ], sheep [ 6 ] and goats [ 5 ]. The liver parenchyma was first assessed subjectively by determining the appearance of the surface, the echogenicity and pattern of the parenchyma and whether the hepatic blood vessels could be visualised.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ultrasonographic findings of the spleen, liver, gallbladder, caudal vena cava and portal vein of adult cattle have been described in detail [ 1 - 3 ]. These organs have also been characterised ultrasonographically in goats [ 4 , 5 ] and, with the exception of the spleen, in sheep [ 6 ]. In calves, similar reports are only available for newborns [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasonography of the spleen, liver, gallbladder, caudal vena cava and portal vein in healthy calves from birth to 104 days of age

Braun

Krüger

2013

Acta Vet Scand

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BackgroundMany of the ultrasonographic abdominal findings of adult cattle probably also apply to calves. However, significant changes associated with ruminal growth and transition from a milk to a roughage diet occur in young calves during the first few months, and it can be expected that ultrasonographic features of organs adjacent to the rumen such as spleen and liver also undergo significant changes. These have not been investigated to date and therefore the goal of this study was to describe ultrasonographic findings of the spleen, liver, gallbladder, caudal vena cava and portal vein in six healthy calves from birth to 104 days of age. Standing calves were examined ultrasonographically six times at three-week intervals starting on the first or second day of life using a 5.0-MHz transducer and techniques described previously.ResultsThe spleen was imaged on the left at the 5th to 12th intercostal spaces. The dorsal and ventral visible limits ran from cranioventral to caudodorsal because of superimposition of the lungs. The size of the spleen was largest at the 7th and 8th intercostal spaces and the maximum thickness was measured at the 9th to 12th intercostal spaces. The liver was seen in all calves on the right and could be imaged at the 5th to 12th intercostal spaces and the area caudal to the last rib. Similar to the spleen, the dorsal visible margin of the liver ran parallel to the ventral border of the lungs. The visible size of the liver was largest at the 8th to 11th intercostal spaces and the maximum thickness was measured at the 8th and 9th intercostal spaces. The parenchymal pattern consisted of numerous fine echoes homogeneously distributed over the entire organ. The gallbladder was most commonly seen at the 9th intercostal space and was circular, oval or pear-shaped on ultrasonograms. It extended beyond the ventral border of the liver depending on the amount of bile. The caudal vena cava was triangular in cross section but sometimes had a round or oval profile and was always seen in at least one intercostal space. The maximum circumference was measured at the 10th and 11th intercostal spaces. The portal vein was circular or oval in cross section and was characterised by stellate ramifications branching into the liver parenchyma. The portal vein could always be imaged at the 7th to 11th intercostal spaces and its mean diameter at the 9th to 11th intercostal spaces ranged from 1.2 cm to 1.8 cm.ConclusionsThe ultrasonographic findings of the spleen, liver, gallbladder, caudal vena cava and portal vein in six healthy Holstein-Friesian calves from birth to 104 days of age serve as reference values for the examination of these anatomical structures in diseased calves.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasonography of the spleen, liver, gallbladder, caudal vena cava and portal vein in healthy calves from birth to 104 days of age

Braun

Krüger

2013

Acta Vet Scand

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“…The measurement is obtained with patients in the supine position with the right hand placed behind the head to optimise hepatic visualisation. Whether an adaptation of this method could be used to assess liver size in horses is unknown, although hepatic depth measurements have been reported in cows and goats, using the portal vein and caudal vena cava as landmarks . An increase in pulmonary volume has been reported in horses with chronic lung diseases such as recurrent airway obstruction .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographically visible hepatic location in clinically normal horses

Johns

Miles

2016

Aust Veterinary J

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Abstract:20 Objective: Hepatic ultrasound is widely used for evaluating horses with suspected liver 21 dysfunction. Although a change in size is considered suggestive of pathology, no clear 22 guidelines exist to define the hepatic ultrasonographically visible locations (HUVL) in 23 horses. The aim of the study was to describe the HUVL in normal horses, and determine 24 whether this is altered by signalment, height, weight and body condition score (BCS).

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“…The liver of calves is scanned on the right side from the 5th ICS to the cranial flank from dorsal to ventral with the transducer held parallel to the ribs 9,10 as described for adult cattle, 34 sheep 35 and goats. 36 The liver parenchyma is first assessed subjectively by determining its echogenicity and the parenchymal pattern and whether the hepatic blood vessels can be visualized, and the appearance of the liver surface is assessed. The dorsal and ventral liver margins are identified in each intercostal space and the size of the liver is calculated as described for adult cattle.…”

Section: Ultrasonographic Examination Of the Livermentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic Examination of the Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, Abomasum, and Liver in Calves

Braun

2016

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

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This article describes the ultrasonographic findings of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum, and liver of calves from birth to 100 days of age. Reticular motility is used to exemplify how the forestomach function in calves progresses and gradually approaches that of adult cattle. The ultrasonographic examination of the esophageal groove reflex and the investigation of factors affecting esophageal groove closure are described. The ultrasonographic findings of the forestomachs and abomasum of calves with ruminal drinker syndrome are discussed. The article concludes with the description of the ultrasonographic examination of the liver.

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Ultrasonographic characterization of the liver, caudal vena cava, portal vein, and gallbladder in goats

Abstract: Results provided information regarding the ultrasonographic appearance of the liver, caudal vena cava, portal vein, and gallbladder in healthy goats; these data may be useful during examination of goats with suspected liver disease.

Cited by 18 publications

References 5 publications

Ultrasonography of the spleen, liver, gallbladder, caudal vena cava and portal vein in healthy calves from birth to 104 days of age

Ultrasonography of the spleen, liver, gallbladder, caudal vena cava and portal vein in healthy calves from birth to 104 days of age

Ultrasonographically visible hepatic location in clinically normal horses

Ultrasonographic Examination of the Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, Abomasum, and Liver in Calves

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