Ultrasonic tracking of the movements of atlantic salmon smolts (Salmo salar L) in the estuaries of two Scottish rivers

Tytler, P.; Thorpe, J. E.; Shearer, William M.

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1978.tb04204.x

Cited by 70 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This is of interest because juvenile salmonids form schools during migration (McCormick et al, 1998) and yet for many species this occurs primarily during hours of darkness (e.g. Tytler et al, 1978, but see Soloman, 1978Moore et al, 1995). The results of the smolt experiment contradict previous suggestions that nocturnal migration reflects a passive downstream displacement when dark because fish are either unable to maintain a visual fix on surrounding features (Thorpe et al, 1988 for juvenile Atlantic salmon) or become disoriented (Pavlov, 1994 for subyearling Cyprinidae).…”

Section: Results Outcomes and Observationscontrasting

confidence: 56%

Experimentation at the interface of fluvial geomorphology, stream ecology and hydraulic engineering and the development of an effective, interdisciplinary river science

Rice

Lancaster

Kemp

2009

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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One "2020 vision" for fluvial geomorphology is that it sits alongside stream ecology and hydraulic engineering as a key element of an integrated, interdisciplinary river science. A challenge to this vision is that scientists from these three communities may approach problems from different perspectives with different questions and have different methodological outlooks. Refining interdisciplinary methodology is important in this context, but raises a number of issues for geomorphologists, ecologists and engineers alike. In particular, we believe that it is important that there is greater dialogue about the nature of mutually-valued questions and the adoption of mutually-acceptable methods. As a contribution to this dialogue we examine the benefits and challenges of using physical experimentation in flume laboratories to ask interdisciplinary questions. Working in this arena presents the same challenges that experimental geomorphologists and engineers are familiar with (scaling up results, technical difficulties, realism) and some new ones including recognising the importance of biological processes, identifying hydraulically meaningful biological groups, accommodating the singular behaviour of individuals, understanding biological as well as physical stimuli, and the husbandry and welfare of live organisms. These issues are illustrated using two examples from flume experiments designed (1) to understand how the movement behaviours of aquatic insects through the near-bed flow field of gravelly river beds may allow them to survive flood events, and (2) how an understanding of the way in which fish behaviours and swimming capability are affected by flow conditions around artificial structures can lead to the design of effective fish passages. In each case, an interdisciplinary approach has been of substantial mutual benefit and led to greater insights than discipline-specific work would have produced. Looking forward to 2020, several key challenges for experimentalists working on the interface of fluvial geomorphology, stream ecology and hydraulic engineering are identified.3

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Section: Results Outcomes and Observationscontrasting

confidence: 56%

Experimentation at the interface of fluvial geomorphology, stream ecology and hydraulic engineering and the development of an effective, interdisciplinary river science

Rice

Lancaster

Kemp

2009

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…However, salmonid smolt may actively influence the rate at which they move by swimming (Finstad et al 2005). Some authors have found distinct periodicities, with smolt migrating seaward during the ebb tide, suggesting a passive component to the migration (McCleave 1978, Tytler et al 1978, Aprahamian & Jones 1997, Lacroix et al 2005. Other authors have found evidence of active migration, such as smolt moving against tides (Moore et al 1998) or independently of current direction (Thorstad et al 2004(Thorstad et al , Økland et al 2006.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Telemetry studies have used both wild and hatchery-reared smolt. This distinction is important as hatchery-reared smolt may show different behaviours, and thus different migration patterns, compared to wild smolt (Tytler et al 1978, McCormick et al 1998.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smolt migration patterns and their underlying mechanisms have come under increasing scrutiny, particularly with the advent of small ultrasonic transmitters, which allow accurate monitoring of smolt positions (Voegeli et al 1998) either through the use of an array of fixed hydrophones (Finstad et al 2005, Lacroix et al 2005 or by the use of mobile tracking (McCleave 1978, Tytler et al 1978. Telemetry studies have used both wild and hatchery-reared smolt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Active migration of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolt through a coastal embayment

Hedger¹,

Martin²,

Hatin³

et al. 2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Migration patterns of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolt were examined in a coastal embayment in the Gaspé peninsula of Québec, Canada. Twenty-four smolt in 2005 and 30 in 2006 were tagged with coded ultrasonic transmitters, and their migration throughout the bay was monitored using an array of fixed VR2 hydrophone receivers. Migration patterns were complex, with some smolt taking a direct route through the coastal embayment and others repeatedly changing direction over short spatial and temporal scales. Migration was mainly an active process with an overall outward (seaward) migration in the face of an inward residual circulation. Swimming direction was mainly outward during nocturnal inflowing currents but was more dispersed during daytime and nocturnal outflowing currents; swimming speed was greater during daytime than during nighttime. This pattern was consistent with smolt migrating offshore nocturnally and using daytime for prey detection and predator avoidance. Salinity had a strong effect: exposure to more saline waters caused increased swimming speeds. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that smolt exploit an innate compass to maintain a preferred bearing and that the speed and direction of swimming is controlled by salinity and the diurnal cycle.

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“…Information on the estuarine phase of the migration is more restricted. However, studies in eastern North America and in Scotland indicate that the seawards movement of juvenile Atlantic salmon within estuaries takes place even when temperatures are well below 10°C, that it is largely passive, occurring during both nocturnal and diurnal flood tides, and that it sometimes occupies only a few days (Fried et al, 1978;McCleave, 1978;Tytler et al, 1978;LaBar et al, 1979;Cunjak et al, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abundance, seasonality and size of Atlantic salmon smolts entrained on power station intake screens in the Severn Estuary

Claridge¹,

Potter²

1994

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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Atlantic salmon smolts were sampled from the intake screens of the Oldbury power station in the inner Severn Estuary at weekly intervals between July 1972 and June 1977. These catches, and those taken over nearly three years from the nearby Berkeley power station, demonstrated that the abundance of smolts in the estuary peaked in autumn (October) and, to a far greater extent, in spring (April and May). However, small numbers of smolts were occasionally found in all other months of the year except July. Standard length-frequency distributions of smolts remained unimodal throughout the year. Lengths ranged from 76 to 187 mm, mean 130-2 ±1-87 mm (95% CL), and wet weights ranged from 5-4 to 680 g, mean 26-9 ±1-17 g. The mean monthly standard length of smolts increased slightly between the autumn of one year and the spring/early summer of the next year, suggesting that, on average, the former were six months younger than the latter. The condition factor was significantly greater in autumn (1-40) than in spring (1-23). It is estimated that the total number of salmon smolts entrained annually on the screens at Oldbury during the five years ranged from 92 to 791, with a mean of 405. Total estimated numbers at Berkeley ranged from 196 to 788 per annum. The numbers at Oldbury are lower than those estimated for the downstream migrants of the Twaite shad, another anadromous species, and far lower than those of the most abundant of the marine fish species that use the Severn Estuary as a nursery area.

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Ultrasonic tracking of the movements of atlantic salmon smolts (Salmo salar L) in the estuaries of two Scottish rivers

Cited by 70 publications

References 4 publications

Experimentation at the interface of fluvial geomorphology, stream ecology and hydraulic engineering and the development of an effective, interdisciplinary river science

Experimentation at the interface of fluvial geomorphology, stream ecology and hydraulic engineering and the development of an effective, interdisciplinary river science

Active migration of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolt through a coastal embayment

Abundance, seasonality and size of Atlantic salmon smolts entrained on power station intake screens in the Severn Estuary

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