Ultrasonic Technique for Density Measurement of Liquids in Extreme Conditions

Abstract

An ultrasonic technique, invariant to temperature changes, for a density measurement of different liquids under in situ extreme conditions is presented. The influence of geometry and material parameters of the measurement system (transducer, waveguide, matching layer) on measurement accuracy and reliability is analyzed theoretically along with experimental results. The proposed method is based on measurement of the amplitude of the ultrasonic wave, reflected from the interface of the solid/liquid medium under investigation. In order to enhance sensitivity, the use of a quarter wavelength acoustic matching layer is proposed. Therefore, the sensitivity of the measurement system increases significantly. Density measurements quite often must be performed in extreme conditions at high temperature (up to 220 °C) and high pressure. In this case, metal waveguides between piezoelectric transducer and the measured liquid are used in order to protect the conventional transducer from the influence of high temperature and to avoid depolarization. The presented ultrasonic density measurement technique is suitable for density measurement in different materials, including liquids and polymer melts in extreme conditions. A new calibration algorithm was proposed. The metrological evaluation of the measurement method was performed. The expanded measurement uncertainty Uρ = 7.4 × 10−3 g/cm3 (1%).

Towards Digital Manufacturing of Smart Multimaterial Fibers

“…Ultrasonography technology enables us to observe density of cells in liquid or gel in a non-intrusive manner [89, 90]. Ultrasonic probes typically function according to the piezoelectric effect (generation of electricity from applied stress), which was first discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880 [91].…”

Analysis of high temperature effects on piezoelectric based ultrasonic transducers

“…For further reduction in the thickness, the bimodality increases and so as the ratio of frequencies (b1f/b2f) corresponding to the bimodal spectrum. (2001) Similar, bimodal spectrum was numerically obtained by Kazys et al (2015) for different acoustic impedances of adhesive and by Dang (2001) for epoxy adhesive as shown in Fig.5.9(a-b) respectively.…”

Experimental Study on Dispersion Effects of F (1,1) Wave Mode on Thin Waveguide When Embedded with Fluid

“…Waveguide based sensors have been used for wide range of measuring applications such as temperature, rheology, fluid level, etc., of the surrounding fluid [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Ultrasonic guided waves have been a relevant tool for non-destructive testing (NDT) and structural health monitoring (SHM) technologies due to their wide screening of the acoustic field and their ability to propagate long distances in large structures [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

“…Ultrasonic guided wave-based waveguide sensors have also been reported to measure the physical properties of fluid media (such as mold slags, molten glass, viscous fluids, level, etc.) [ 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ] and temperature-dependent elastic modulus [ 14 ] extensively. Later, different waveguide configurations such as helical, spiral, and bend waveguides [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ] were developed for the distributed temperature measurement [ 18 , 19 , 20 ] of the surrounding medium.…”