Ultrasonic studies in electrolyte solutions. Part III. The hydration numbers of some acids, alkalis, and tetra-alkylammonium salts

Allam, D. S.; Lee, W. H.

doi:10.1039/j19660000426

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…However, using Gourary-Adrian crystal radii reference [2, p. 539] increases the anionic contributions by 15%, and correspondingly decreases the cationic ones. In this case instead of the DV 2 ðCs þ Þ ffi DV 2 ðCl À Þ relation, one obtains DV 2 ðK þ Þ ffi DV 2 ðCl À Þ, which refer to a convention used by partitioning viscosity b-coefficients [30], NMR activation-energy data [31] and also hydration numbers [32]. Nevertheless, ionic conductance relations, result- ing in direct ionic values, support the DV 2 ðCs þ Þ ffi DV 2 ðCl À Þ relation [33].…”

Section: Individual (Absolute) Ionic Standard Mviesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The H2O–D2O solvent isotope effects on the molar volumes of alkali-chloride solutions at T=(288.15, 298.15, and 308.15)K

Jákli

2007

The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics

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Section: Individual (Absolute) Ionic Standard Mviesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The H2O–D2O solvent isotope effects on the molar volumes of alkali-chloride solutions at T=(288.15, 298.15, and 308.15)K

Jákli

2007

The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics

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“…We also used the former results listed in the papers of Allam and Lee [12,13], who also employed the acoustic Pasynski method at 25 • C. The reason was the large number of simple electrolytes collected, resulting in reliable calculations Table 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Hydration Numbers of Non-Electrolytes in Aqueous Solvents of Fixed pH

Burakowski

Gliński

2009

Int J Thermophys

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In the present article the applicability of the Pasynski method of determination of hydration numbers of simple organic compounds in aqueous solvents of fixed pH at 25 • C from speed-of-sound and density measurements is tested and discussed. It was shown that for solutes which do not undergo protolytic reactions with a solvent the resulting values of hydration numbers are independent on the system pH-for these solutes n h can be determined both in pure aqueous solutions and in mixtures containing ions. For solutes which undergo reactions with an acid or base, the Pasynski method yields hydration numbers which are a combination of compressibilities of substrates and products of occurring reactions.

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“…The hydration data for some common monovalent anions in water are listed in Table 2-21 [3,20,24,25]. The more strongly the anion is hydrated, the more strongly it will be attracted to the aqueous phase, and the more difficult it will be to transfer to the organic phase.…”

Section: G Effect Of Hydration Of the Transferred Anion And The Effementioning

confidence: 99%

“…24. Effect of water concentration on the rate ofNaCN reaction with 1chlorooctane at 9O"C catalyzed by CuJI33P+Bu3Bra…”

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Phase-Transfer Catalysis: Fundamentals I

Starks

Liotta

Halpern³

1994

Phase-Transfer Catalysis

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A. IntroductionCritical to the success of phase-transfer catalytic (PTC) processes are (1) the maximization of the rate of transfer of reactant anions from the aqueous or solid phase to the organic phase, (2) the maximization of the rate of transfer of product anions from the organic phase to the aqueous or solid phase, and (3) the related equilibrium partitioning of the reactant and product anions between the organic and aqueous or solid phases. The common organic solvents employed in phasetransfer processes are usually relatively nonpolar and usually aprotic. Because anions do not have a great affinity for such solvents and prefer to reside in an aqueous environment, the desired transfer is not a particularly favorable process. The transfer of anions from an aqueous to an organic phase, however, may be achieved by choosing a phase-transfer cation that is not strongly solvated by water and that has organic-like characteristics and is thus compatible with the organic phase. For instance, the volume-to-charge ratio (as well as the organiclike nature) of quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts can be adjusted over a wide range of values by simply changing the length of the alkyl (or aryl) substituents bonded to the quaternary heteroatom. Tetramethylammonium salts are highly soluble in aqueous media and only slightly soluble in most organic solvents, whereas tetradoecylammonium salts are soluble in most organic media but only slightly soluble in water. The former salt represents a quaternary ammonium ion with a small organic volume-to-charge ratio whereas the latter salt has a large organic volume-to-charge ratio. In a similar manner, macrocyclic multidentate ligands (crown ethers, cryptands, polyethylene oxides, etc.) may be employed to complex metal cations and carry them, along with their anions, from the aqueous or solid phase into the organic phase.The factors that affect the mass transfer and distribution of the phase-transfer 23 C. M. Starks et al., Phase-Transfer Catalysis © Chapman & Hall, Inc. 1994 r >Br->CI-CIO; > BrO; > 10; NO; > NO; CIO; > 10;The divalent anions listed in Table 2-2 have comparatively little affinity for the organic phase. An important measure of the competitive partitioning of anions between the aqueous and organic phases in the presence of a quaternary cation is the selectivity constant, KX1y set, which is defined by Eq. (2-1) and (2-2).(2-1)

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Ultrasonic studies in electrolyte solutions. Part III. The hydration numbers of some acids, alkalis, and tetra-alkylammonium salts

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

The H2O–D2O solvent isotope effects on the molar volumes of alkali-chloride solutions at T=(288.15, 298.15, and 308.15)K

The H2O–D2O solvent isotope effects on the molar volumes of alkali-chloride solutions at T=(288.15, 298.15, and 308.15)K

Hydration Numbers of Non-Electrolytes in Aqueous Solvents of Fixed pH

Phase-Transfer Catalysis: Fundamentals I

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