Ultrasonic cell grinder extraction of anthraquinones from Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and determination by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

An ultrasonic cell grinder extraction (UCGE) method has been developed and applied to extract five anthraquinones (physcion, chrysophanol, emodin, rhein, and aloe-emodin) from radix et rhizoma Rhei. Several parameters of UCGE procedure, including ultrasonic cell grinder running mode, type and volume of extraction solvent and extraction time, were optimized. The determination was preformed on a Waters ultra-performance LC BEH C(18) column using gradient elution system. A baseline separation could be achieved in less than 7.5 min with high resolution. Under the optimized conditions, contents of physcion, chrysophanol, emodin, rhein and aloe-emodin in radix et rhizoma Rhei collected from different cultivated areas were 0-4.22, 0.11-27.64, 0.09-3.49, 0.31-3.31 and 0.13-2.93 mg/g, respectively. Compared with reflux, maceration and ultrasonic bath extractions, the UCGE method was more efficient, faster and easier to be operated, and required lower extraction temperature and less solvent. The results indicated that UCGE was a novel and ideal method for extracting bioactive constituents from plant samples.

Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis by Physcion, an Anthraquinone Isolated From Rhubarb (Rhizomes of Rheum tanguticum), in MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells

“…The main active compounds of rhubarb are thought to be anthraquinone derivatives, which include emodin, chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, rhein, and physcion. 5 Among them, physcion is found in the R. tanguticum , R. emodii , and fungus Microsporum sp., 7 – 9 and has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and anti-fungal activities. 8 , 10 – 13 It was also reported that physcion inhibited the growth of various human cancer cell lines, including HeLa (cervical cancer cells), A549 (lung cancer cells), HL-60 (leukemia cells), and SW680 (colon cancer cells).…”

Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasonic/Microwave-Assisted Extraction Combined with UPLC for the Determination of Anthraquinones in Rhubarb

“…The reasons for such phenomenon could be due to the mechanics of synergistic effects of ultrasonic and microwave on the cell walls resulting in a significantly increased accessibility and extractability of the anthraquinones [14]. Compared to the previous studies, the extraction yields of five anthraquinones by IL-UMAE was much higher (28.00 mg g -1 ) than that of ultrasonic cell grinder extraction, maceration, ultrasonication, and CO 2 SFE (2.70, 2.31, 2.42, 0.33 mg g -1 , respectively) [12,30]. As extraction solvents, [bmim]Br solution and ethanol had similar results in the extraction of anthraquinones from rhubarb, which was similar to the previous studies [21].…”

“…Stability was investigated using the extract of the sample solution that was stored at room temperature (about 25°C) and analyzed at 0, 6,12,18,24,30,36,42, 48 h, respectively. The RSDs of the contents of emodin, rhein, aloeemodin, physcion and chrysophanol were 1.5, 2.0, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4%, respectively.…”

Optimisation of green ultrasonic cell grinder extraction of iridoid glycosides from Corni fructus by response surface methodology

“…Ultrasound‐assisted extraction is a novel and improved strategy for edible fruits extraction (Zou et al ., ; Xu & Pan, ), which not only increases extraction efficiency but also minimises the consumption of unpleasant petroleum‐based solvents (Rostagno et al ., ; Zuo et al ., ; Wang et al ., ). Most recently, an ultrasonic cell grinder extraction (UCGE) method was reported as a green, inexpensive and easy‐to‐use method (Wang et al ., ; Li et al ., ). During the UCGE process, the ultrasonic energy is centralised in the top part of the probe and induces the cavitation of the extraction solvent.…”