Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Structural Characterization of Chondroitin Sulfate Derived from Jumbo Squid Cartilage

Abstract

Chondroitin sulfate (ChS) is usually used as an oral nutraceutical supplement, and has been popular in Asia, Europe, and United States for many years. In this study, a potential and sustainable source of ChS from jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) cartilage was explored; ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used to extract ChS from jumbo squid cartilage. The result of mass transfer coefficients based on Fick’s law showed that UAE had higher mass transfer efficacy. The response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to evaluate the effects of the extraction parameters. The optimal conditions were extraction temperature of 52 °C, extraction time of 46 min, and NaOH concentration of 4.15%. The crude extract was precipitated by 50% ethanol, which obtained a purified ChS with 23.7% yield and 82.3% purity. The purified ChS measured by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) had a carbon to sulfur molar ratio of approximately 14:1. The FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR confirmed jumbo squid ChS were present in the form of chondroitin-4-sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate, with a 4S/6S ratio of 1.62. The results of this study provide an efficient process for production and purification of ChS, and are significant for the development and utilization of ChS from jumbo squid cartilage in the nutrient food or pharmaceutical industries.

Composition and Anticoagulant Potential of Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate from Inedible Parts of Garfish (Belone belone)

“…The yields (based on the dry weight) obtained revealed that the heads (8.1%) were the best substrates followed by the skin (3.7%) and bones (1.4%). These variations in yields can result from a variety of factors such as fish species, sample preparation conditions, and extraction techniques [19]. For comparative purposes, the obtained yields of GAGs that were recovered from the heads and bones of S. canicula were around 6% and 2%, respectively [20].…”

“…According to previous studies, CS derived from cartilaginous fishes generally shows molecular weight values between 50 and 70 kDa. On the contrary, CS purified from terrestrial sources has a lower molecular weight that ranges between 13 and 26 kDa [19].…”

Chondroitin sulfate-based composites: a tour d’horizon of their biomedical applications

“…44 Using this technique, CS has been extracted from jumbo squid cartilage. 45 CS belongs to the representative GAGs and consists of repeated disaccharide units of GalNAc and GlcA. 46 According to the disaccharide composition, CS is commonly split into CS-O(non-sulphated CS), CS-A, CS-B, CS-C, CS-D, and CS-E (as demonstrated in Fig.…”

High oxidative stability of a complex fish liver oil nano‐capsules in response to long‐term storage, and to hyperthermal and sunlight exposure

“…Chondroitin sulfate can be extracted from shark or jumbo squid cartilage. 29 The anionic character of ChS allows the formation of nano-PEC structures with ChI through electrostatic interactions. 21 Thus, utilizing nano-capsules made from ChS-ChI shell to protect unstable nutrients, such as CBLO, may increase its resistance to UV irradiation, oxidation, and high temperatures, while reducing unpleasant odors.…”

“…Chondroitin sulfate (ChS) is a natural polysaccharide that consists of an alternating unit of β ‐(1,4)‐ d ‐glucuronic acid and β ‐(1,3)‐ N ‐acetyl‐ d ‐galactosamine, sulfated at different carbon positions. Chondroitin sulfate can be extracted from shark or jumbo squid cartilage 29 . The anionic character of ChS allows the formation of nano‐PEC structures with ChI through electrostatic interactions 21 .…”