Ultrasmall Polyethyleneimine-Gold Nanoparticles with High Stability

Parallel multi-parameter study of PEI-functionalized gold nanoparticle synthesis for bio-medical applications: part 1—a critical assessment of methodology, properties, and stability

“…Au-PEI can generally be prepared by two methods: (1) ligand modification (exchange or coattachment) of AuNPs and PEI (Boyer et al 2010;Elbakry et al 2012;Elbakry et al 2009;Khoury et al 2015;Lee et al 2011a;Rojas-Andrade et al 2015;Sullivan et al 2003) and (2) reduction of Au III ions in the presence of PEI (Cebrian et al 2011;Chen et al 2007;Chen et al 2014;Hu et al 2010;Kim et al 2011;Kim et al 2008;Kozytskiy et al 2015;Kretschmer et al 2014;Kuo et al 2005;Lee et al 2011b;Mohammed et al 2013;Note et al 2006;Song et al 2010;Sun et al 2004;Sun et al 2005;Thiramanas and Laocharoensuk 2016;. In general, the ligand modification method is used in layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly processes to prepare Au-PEI intermediates from negatively charged gold core (e.g., citratestabilized AuNPs) for RNA/DNA layering onto the Au-PEI vector (Boyer et al 2010;Elbakry et al 2012;Elbakry et al 2009;Khoury et al 2015;Pyshnaya et al 2014;Sullivan et al 2003).…”

“…As shown above, the variety of structures, stability, toxicity (Cebrian et al 2011;Kim et al 2011), and applications of Au-PEIs are well represented in the literature, but establishing coherent relationships between the concentration, PEI type, molar ratio, and other conditions or factors has been difficult to elucidate from previously reported results (Table 1). Despite the breadth and quality of previous work, it is still unclear how the specific properties of PEI and the methods utilized to conjugate it to AuNPs impact the final product size and stability (which presumably impact performance).…”

Preparation, characterization, and biological activity of stability-enhanced polyethyleneimine-conjugated gold nanoparticles (Au-PEI@NIST) for biological application

“…Therefore, an optimized synthetic method for preparing highly qualified and stable Au-PEI has been developed. After evaluating many published methods to synthesize Au-PEI, (17)(18)(19)(20)(21) and finding poor reproducibility or limited acceptable properties for biomedical applications, we initiated an investigation to better understand the controlling factors and to yield a facile and robust methodology. Based on the previous results by Cho et al at NIST, (22,23) in this special publication, we report on a modified synthetic process that results in a stable suspension of Au-PEI nanoparticles, hereafter Au-PEI@NIST; 25 nm nominal hydrodynamic size in 100 mL batch scale at approximately 500 mg/L concentration.…”

“…( 16) Thus, Au-PEI conjugates, as a result of combination between AuNPs and PEI, are expected to produce synergic effects; inducing (1) enhanced efficacy for nano-biological applications due to their bio-compatibility (from Au) and (2) active interaction with biological entities (from PEI). Although the results of polyethyleneimine-conjugated gold nanoparticles (Au-PEIs) with respect to their preparation (17)(18)(19)(20)(21) have been discussed at length in the literature, a knowledge gap still exists regarding the role of PEI structure, size (relative molar mass, Mr) and preparation methods with respect to the response and stability in different media. Recently, Cho et.…”

Electrosynthesis of gold nanocomposites based on copolymer of 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazol with crotonic acid

“…Due to their unusual physical and chemical properties, which differ from those of bulk metal, metal nanoparticles have a wide variety of potential applications in the field of catalysis, biomedicine, optics, electronics, etc. [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Metal nanoparticles are thermodynamically unstable, and in a relatively pure individual form, they can be obtained only when fixed on a solid as immobile support.…”