Atactic poly(vinyl alcohols) (a-PVAs) having number-average degrees of polymerization [(P n )s] of 1700 and 4000 were prepared by the solution polymerization of vinyl acetate, which was followed by the saponification of poly(vinyl acetate) to investigate the effects of molecular weights of a-PVA on the characteristics of electrospun a-PVA nanofabrics. A-PVA nanofabrics were prepared by electrospinning with controlling the process parameters including the electrical field, conductivity, tip-to-collector distance, and solution concentration. Through a series of characterization experiments, we identified that the molecular weight of a-PVA had a marked influence on the structure and properties of nanofabrics produced. That is, the higher the molecular weight of PVA, the superior the physical properties of PVA nanofabric.

High molecular weight specimens of syndiotacticity-rich poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) have been prepared by saponification of copolymers of vinyl pivalate (VPi) and vinyl acetate (VAc). VPi and VAc were copolymerized using the low-temperature initiator 2,2‘-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) and saponified in KOH/methanol/water with vigorous stirring, i.e., under shear. The PVAs obtained had number-average degrees of polymerization in the range (5.6−16.5) × 103 and syndiotactic diad (S-diad) contents of 52.8−61.5%. The highest molecular weight and S-diad content were obtained for specimens derived from homopoly(VPi) prepared at low initiator concentration, and these parameters declined progressively with increasing VAc content in the parent copolymers. The structures of these PVAs show a consistent sharp transition between 55 and 56% S-diad content. Specimens with lower S-diad contents have shapeless morphologies, but at 56% S-diad content the polymers were fibrous, with a higher degree of crystallinity and orientation of the crystallites. The order improves steadily with the S-diad content above the transition and correlates with the observed changes in the thermal and mechanical properties. The results suggest that the small increase in S-diad content from 55 to 56% facilitates a major change in the crystallization process, such that the crystallinity improves, and leads at the same time to the development of a fibrous morphology when the saponification is performed under shear.

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Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/montmorillonite clay (MMT) nanofiber mats have been fabricated by the electrospinning technique. The PVA/MMT nanofiber mats were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and mechanical measurements. The study showed that the introduction of MMT results in improvement in tensile strength, and thermal stability of the PVA matrix. XRD patterns and SEM micrographs suggest the coexistence of exfoliated MMT layers over the studied MMT contents. FTIR revealed that there might be possible interaction occurred between the MMT clay and PVA matrix.

The crystal and microstructures of the novel microfibrillar poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers (PVA fibrils) having different syndiotactic diad (S-diad) contents of 56−65% have been investigated by small- and wide-angle X-ray methods. The PVA fibrils were directly prepared from the saponification and in-situ fibrillation without spinning procedure. Small-angle X-ray scattering data show that these PVA fibrils had various microvoid structures due to different stereoregularities, which was similar to those found in various natural cellulose fibers. Also, the higher the syndiotacticity was, the more regular and elongated the microvoids in PVA fibril were. This might be explained by a better alignment of PVA chains with higher syndiotacticity. To effectively orient the molecular chains of high molecular weight syndiotactic PVA fibril, a high-temperature zone drawing technique was applied. Degree of crystal orientation up to 0.991 was achieved by stretching the PVA fibril with S-diad content of 63.1% and with original degree of crystal orientation of 0.887 at around 250 °C close to its melting temperature. The maximum draw ratio of the PVA fibril increased with a decrease in the S-diad content, indicating that the crystal was more stable in higher syndiotactic PVA. When the same draw ratio was applied to the fibrils, higher crystal orientation was achieved for the fibrils having higher syndiotacticity. The crystallinity, the apparent lateral and longitudinal crystal sizes, and the crystal to amorphous length in long period of drawn PVA fibrils were larger in higher syndiotacticity. It turns out that PVA fibril drawn at 230 °C had a well-oriented lamellar structure. Moreover, dimensions of these lamellae were enlarged with increasing syndiotacticity.

Submicrometer fibers of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chitosan oligosaccharide [COS; i.e., (1!4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-b-D-glucose] were prepared by an electrospinning method with aqueous solutions with polymer concentrations of 7.5-15 wt %. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the morphology and properties of the PVA/COS fibers. The PVA/COS mass ratio, the total polymer concentration, and processing parameters such as the applied voltage and capillary-tocollector distance played important roles in controlling the fiber morphology. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction data demonstrated that there were possibly hydrogen bonds between COS and PVA molecules that weakened the interactions in COS and improved the electrospinnability of PVA/COS. Moreover, with a higher percentage of COS in the PVA/COS blend fibers, superior thermal stability could be obtained.

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