Ultrasensitive detection of cadmium ions using a microcantilever-based piezoresistive sensor for groundwater

Abstract

This paper proposes the selective and ultrasensitive detection of Cd(II) ions using a cysteamine-functionalized microcantilever-based sensor with cross-linked ᴅʟ-glyceraldehyde (DL-GC). The detection time for various laboratory-based techniques is generally 12–24 hours. The experiments were performed to create self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of cysteamine cross-linked with ᴅʟ-glyceraldehyde on the microcantilever surface to selectively capture the targeted Cd(II). The proposed portable microfluidic platform is able to achieve the detection in 20–23 min with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.56 ng (2.78 pM), which perfectly describes its excellent performance over other reported techniques. Many researchers used nanoparticle-based sensors for the detection of heavy metal ions, but daily increasing usage and commercialization of nanoparticles are rapidly expanding their deleterious effect on human health and the environment. The proposed technique uses a blend of thin-film and microcantilever (micro-electromechanical systems) technology, which mitigate the disadvantages of the nanoparticle approaches, for the selective detection of Cd(II) with a LOD below the WHO limit of 3 μg/L.

Recent advances and trends in innovative biosensor‐based devices for heavy metal ion detection in food

“…Target HMIs could cleave DNAzyme to produce free products, and the concentration of HMIs could be determined with high precision by the visual strips (capture distances) formed by their capture. Additionally, in order to demonstrate the applicability and reliability of microfluidics in diverse food sample media based on various response behaviors (e.g., mean value of piezoresistive change, capacitance at solid-liquid interface, and wireless response behavior), microcantilever-based sensor, capacitive aptasensor, and wireless microfluidic sensor have also been designed and successfully used for rapid detection of HMIs (Liang et al, 2021;Rotake et al, 2020;. Consequently, as an efficient and sensitive detection technique, the combination of microfluidics and rapid detection methods dramatically improved the capability of specific and multifunctional analysis of HMIs in food.…”

Microfluidic Devices for Heavy Metal Ions Detection: A Review

“…With this device, concentrations down to 2.0 and 2.3 ppb for Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ , respectively, are measured. Finally, a portable microfluidic platform with a microcantilever-based piezoresistive sensor was fabricated for Cd 2+ detection in ground water ( Figure 11 B) [ 123 ]. The selective detection of the metal ions is performed through the use of a cysteamine-functionalized microcantilever-based sensor with cross-linked dl -glyceraldehyde.…”

“…(1 and 2) are used for the flow control (syringe pump and controller), (3) the piezoresistive module and (4) the interface software running on a PC. Reproduced with permission from reference [ 123 ]. This article is published under a CC BY license.…”

“…4) the interface software running on a PC. Reproduced with permission from reference [123]. This article is published under a CC BY license.…”

Integrated Plastic Microfluidic Device for Heavy Metal Ion Detection

“…To this end, several examples of microfluidic-based devices have been reported [ 25 ]. A representative example is the work by M. Zhang et al [ 20 ], who have fabricated a digital microfluidic system with an electrochemical sensor for on-site detection of heavy metal ions in tap water, or the work by Rotake et al [ 26 ], who have developed a portable microfluidic platform using a microcantilever-based piezoresistive sensor for Cd 2+ detection with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.78 pM. In another effort, Santangelo et al [ 27 ] combined an epitaxial graphene (EG) sensor with a 3D-printed microfluidic for heavy metal ion detection.…”