“…21 The adsorption energy of hydroxyl ions (OH*) plays a crucial role in determining the dissociation rate of water, and subsequently, the production of H* intermediates, which are essential for enhancing alkaline and neutral HER activity. 22,23 To attain the perfect equilibrium between H* adsorption and desorption on MoC, it is common to introduce electron-rich transition metals (such as Fe, Co, Ni), which exhibit suitable binding energies for OH*, making for water dissociation and active intermediate adsorption to enhance electrocatalytic activity. 24 Moreover, non-metallic element doping (such as P, N) can also improve the electronic structure of electrically active molybdenum carbide and reduce the energy barrier in the pH-universal HER process.…”