Ultracompact Pseudowedge Plasmonic Lasers and Laser Arrays

Chou, Yu Hsun; Hong, Kuo Bin; Chang, Chun Tse; Chang, Tian-Sheuan; Huang, Zhen; Cheng, Pi Ju; Yang, Jhen Hong; Lin, Meng Hsien; Lin, Tzy Rong; Chen, Kuo‐Ping; Gwo, Shangjr; Lu, Tien−Chang

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03956

Cited by 59 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The association of optical gain media with noble metal nanostructures has led to a new generation of lasing devices with unprecedented performance . In the last years, a number of systems combining plasmonic nanostructures with either organic dye or semiconductors structures as gain media have been demonstrated to act as coherent light sources with subwavelength confined modes . In this section, the effects of the plasmonic coupling on the laser parameters solid‐state gain media are analyzed to show a significant threshold reduction and a remarkable improvement of the laser slope efficiency compared to the conventional bulk laser performance.…”

Section: Plasmon‐assisted Solid‐state Nanolasersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Plasmonic–Ferroelectric Architectures for Lasing and SHG Processes at the Nanoscale

et al. 2019

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develop novel nanophotonic devices with innovative functions for light generation and control. Indeed, the development of coherent light sources with sub-wavelength confined modes is a flourishing area that can yield a revolution in several fields, including physics, chemistry, materials science, biology, and/or imaging and information technologies. [13][14][15][16] In this review, we discuss the progress on the fabrication and performance features of light sources operating at the nanoscale, which can be attained by the interaction of localized surface plasmons (LSP) with optical gain dielectric media. The optical gain is provided by functional ferroelectric platforms (either by stimulated emission or by nonlinear (NL) frequency conversion processes), which in turn are used as templates for the deposition of metallic arrangements. Two types of sources with sub-diffraction spatial confinement are presented: plasmon-assisted solid-state nanolasers, based on the interaction between metallic nanostructures and optically active rare earth (RE 3+ ) doped ferroelectric crystals, and NL radiation sources based on quadratic frequency mixing mechanisms, that are enhanced by means of LSP resonances.Ferroelectrics are nowadays strong actors in the area of light generation and control. In the context of this report, the relevance of employing ferroelectric crystals as optical functional platforms is multiple. On one hand, the presence of a reversible spontaneous polarization in the ferroelectric phase allows to engineer ferroelectric domain patterns with different photonic functionalities. [17][18][19][20] On the other hand, the noncentrosymmetric crystal structure of ferroelectrics enables the generation of quadratic frequency conversion processes, which makes these systems useful as frequency doublers and optical parametric oscillators. [21,22] Further, the possibility of some ferroelectric crystals to host luminescent trivalent RE 3+ ions, from which laser action can be achieved, is an additional advantage exploited in the context of this work. [23] In fact, some of the materials that will be the subject of discussion in this report constitute true solid-state lasers due to the incorporation of optically active ions such as Nd 3+ or Yb 3+ during the crystal growth. Finally, the presence of surface charges on ferroelectrics is a key factor that allows ferroelectric surfaces to act as templates to assemble different type of nanostructures Coherent light sources providing sub-wavelength confined modes are in ever more demand to face new challenges in a variety of disciplines. Scalability and cost-effective production of these systems are also highly desired. The use of ferroelectrics in functional optical platforms, on which plasmonic arrangements can be formed, is revealed as a simple and powerful method to develop coherent light sources with improved and novel functionalities at the nanoscale. Two types of sources with subdiffraction spatial confinement and improved performances are presented: i) plasmon-assisted solid-sta...

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Section: Plasmon‐assisted Solid‐state Nanolasersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Plasmonic–Ferroelectric Architectures for Lasing and SHG Processes at the Nanoscale

et al. 2019

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“…Besides the above‐mentioned systems, many other configurations for plasmonic lasers have been demonstrated using cavity modes from surface lattice plasmon mode in metal nanoparticles array, Tamm SPP mode, long‐range SPP mode, random mode to other diverse modes . Also, by operating at NIR region with relatively low metal losses, metal‐cladded 3D‐confined subdiffraction‐limit plasmonic nanolasers have been demonstrated, in which the cladding metals support TM cavity modes and behave more like perfect reflecting mirrors .…”

Section: Experimental Demonstrations Of the Plasmonic Nanolasersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmonic Nanolasers: Pursuing Extreme Lasing Conditions on Nanoscale

Gao

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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and techniques have been proposed and/ or developed. Here we focus on a newly emerging area-plasmonic nanolaser that pursuing extremely smaller cavity size in one or more dimensions, and consequently extreme lasing conditions, by using a plasmonic cavity with feature size possibly far below the diffraction limit of light.The miniaturization of a laser can be traced back to the early age of the laser, when compact semiconductor structures were introduced. In particular, the introduction of semiconductors as the gain media in 1962, [11,12] followed by a series of elaborately engineered structures from heterostructure, [13] quantum well, [14] vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), [15,16] microdisk, [17][18][19] photonic crystal, [20][21][22] quantum dot [23,24] to nanowire (NW) [25][26][27] have made great success in shrinking a laser from bulk scale to wavelength level using reduced cavity sizes. [28] For example, to date, typical commercial edgeemitting quantum well laser diodes have dimensions of several micrometers in width and hundreds of micrometers in length, and a single quantum dot can lase in a photonic crystal cavity with overall dimension of merely 0.7(λ/n) 3 , where λ is the vacuum wavelength and n the refractive index of the dielectric. [29] With optimized geometry and material for cavity design, lower structural dimension is expected. However, in a dielectric cavity with limited refractive index n, the cavity size is intrinsically restricted by optical diffraction limit that sets an ultimate limit λ/2n for both cavity length and mode size in all three dimensions.An effective step to shrink a cavity beyond the diffraction limit is converting light into surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in nanostructuralized metals, which is a kind of collective oscillation of quasi free electrons on the interface of a metal and a dielectric. [30] While SPP is featured with ultrahigh optical confinement and ultrafast relaxation process as shown in Figure 1a, [31] it is inevitably accompanied by ultrahigh energy dissipation (i.e., Ohmic loss), leading to a mutual balance between the mode size and the optical loss in either a nanowaveguide or a nanocavity as shown in Figure 1b. [32] For example, the transverse mode area of SPP mode on an Ag nanowire with diameter of 100 nm can be as small as 0.01 µm 2 but also exhibits a propagation loss larger than 200 dB mm −1 . Despite of the high loss coefficient of plasmonic resonance at optical frequency, a properly designed nanoplasmonic cavity coupled with a gain medium is possible to lase with miniature cavity length.Owing to their ultrahigh optical confinement, plasmonic nanolasers with cavity sizes beyond the diffraction limit of light, are attracting increasing attention for pursuing extreme lasing conditions on nanoscale including ultracompact cavity mode, ultrafast lasing modulation, significantly enhanced light-matter interaction, and Purcell effect. In this review, the recent progress on plasmonic nanolasers from both theoretical and experimental aspects is intro...

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“…Yet, all these studies focused on smooth, high quality planar metal films. By contrast, by carefully designing the substrates topology it is possible to excited strongly localized plasmon modes with 100 times smaller mode volumes than for planar films . Consequently, this strong confinement leads to electromagnetic field enhancements beyond that of a simple planar metal film.…”

Section: Temporal Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Temporal Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring Spectral and Temporal Properties of Semiconductor Nanowire Lasers

Zapf

Sidiropoulos

Röder

2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors -ITRS 2.0" follows this generalized approach by combining the schemes "More-than-Moore" and "More Moore." The first one wants to incorporate (nondigital) functionalities into devices and systems providing additional value in different ways, while the second scheme aims for a continued shrinking of the physical dimensions of electrical switches in order to reduce cost and increase their performance. [1] Thus, the "Morethan-Moore" scheme considers promising (nano)photonic components to play a key role either as lasers, waveguides, or photo detectors in system on a chip devices (SoC) and optical interconnects (OI). These approaches require optical devices/ coherent light sources with a nanoscaled footprint available by low cost fabrication methods.In parallel, after the development of the first laser, [2] the applications of lasers have been extended into many different scientific areas as well as in many aspects of industrial and public life such as material modification/analysis, spectroscopy, medicine, optics, etc. [3] Along with these important innovations, there has always been the strong aim to miniaturize the laser devices, [4] which partially goes along with the need for miniaturized lasers in SoCs and OIs. The successive miniaturization already had strong impact on technologies like optical communication and furthermore led to microdisk lasers, [5] vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, [6] and photonic crystal lasers [7] based on semiconductor materials. However, the fundamental research in the past decade focused on investigating, exploring, and developing nanoscaled coherent light sources with even smaller footprint that can be integrated in SoCs/OIs, as envisaged by "More-than-Moore." Therefore, semiconductor nanowirebased lasers belong to the heavily investigated model systems, as they can be synthesized cheaply and offer an exceptionally small footprint. The scope of this review is thus to report on recent developments of individual semiconductor nanowires as potential nanoscaled coherent light sources with promising spectral and temporal lasing characteristics, which both need to be fully understood and optimized in order to unleash the potential of semiconductor nanowire lasers for a huge amount of on-chip applications. Note that the terms nanowires, nanorods, and nanopillars are treated equally within this review.Semiconductor optoelectronics have contributed tremendously to various aspects of the technological progress in the past. Recently, they also stimulate research in nanophotonics seeking to overcome the inherent limitations of electronic integrated circuits and satisfy the growing demand for faster onchip communications. In particular, nanowire (NW) lasers generate coherent light at the nanoscale and meanwhile work consistently at room temperature covering a huge spectral range from the ultraviolet down to the mid-infrared depending on the NW material. The underlying physics of their electronic and photonic systems are also studied very recently, thus...

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Ultracompact Pseudowedge Plasmonic Lasers and Laser Arrays

Cited by 59 publications

References 54 publications

Hybrid Plasmonic–Ferroelectric Architectures for Lasing and SHG Processes at the Nanoscale

Hybrid Plasmonic–Ferroelectric Architectures for Lasing and SHG Processes at the Nanoscale

Plasmonic Nanolasers: Pursuing Extreme Lasing Conditions on Nanoscale

Tailoring Spectral and Temporal Properties of Semiconductor Nanowire Lasers

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