Single crystals of the nonlinear optical material, L-arginine bis(trifluoroacetate), with dimensions of 32 × 21 × 4 mm 3 were grown by the temperature-lowering method from its aqueous solution. The crystal structure was determined using X-ray single-crystal diffraction at 93 K. X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and Raman spectroscopic investigations were used to characterize the grown crystal. Morphological analysis reveals that the crystal is a rhombohedron with the major forms of ( 001), (1 j 01), and (1 j 00). UV-visible-NIR absorption spectrum and second harmonic generation were investigated to explore its characteristic optical features. Thermogravimetric (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), derivative thermogravimetric (DTG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies were carried out to characterize the thermal behaviors of the grown crystals. In addition, the specific heat at low temperature and thermal expansion coefficients along the principal axes were determined. Its dielectric properties from 213 to 373 K were investigated by the impedance analysis. Surface morphologies of laser-induced damaged crystal were observed with an optical microscope and the natural origin of damage was analyzed.