“…Additionally, introducing advanced metaheuristic algorithms or deep learning techniques, such as adaptive learning rates and batch normalization, may contribute to improving the convergence speed and stability of optimization results. GWO [93], CABC [23], DE-GWO [116], FO-BSO [117], ICS [118], WOA [96], ISOA [119], IHDEHHO [120], SCWCA [121] NN-based models ELM, BPNN, RNN, DBN, etc. Weights, bias, learning rate, etc.…”