Ultra-low-loss and large-effective-area fiber for 100 Gbit/s and beyond 100 Gbit/s coherent long-haul terrestrial transmission systems

Abstract

Ultra-low-loss and large-effective-area fiber has been successfully applied in transoceanic transmission, which is considered as a promising candidate for 100 Gbit/s and beyond 100 Gbit/s coherent long-haul terrestrial optical networks. Several theoretical and experimental investigations have been reported, including provincial terrestrial field trial. To support long-haul terrestrial application, it is urgent to prove that the ultra-low-loss and large-effective-area fiber after terrestrial deployment can significantly enhance the performance of long-haul transmission over 1000 km compared with the conventional single mode fiber. In this paper, we extended our previous work and summarized design methods for complex terrestrial environment. To verify the fiber characteristics in long-haul terrestrial transmission, we installed the longest terrestrial ultra-low-loss and large-effective-area fiber link in the world with a total length of 1539.6 km. The results show that the transmission performances of wavelength-division-multiplexed signals with per-channel data rates of 100 Gbit/s, 200 Gbit/s, and 400 Gbit/s over the ultra-low-loss and large-effective-area fiber are all obviously improved, demonstrating that this fiber is more suitable for ultrahigh-speed long-haul terrestrial transmission.

Designing Biomimetic Microphase‐Separated Motifs to Construct Mechanically Robust Plant Protein Resin with Improved Water‐Resistant Performance

“…In Figure 2b, the 13 C NMR spectrum of SP and SP‐D‐PU resin display several major signal peaks ascribed to carbonyl (155–180 ppm), aromatic (115–135 ppm), α‐carbon (45–67 ppm), β‐carbon (27–45 ppm), and methylene and methyl groups (13–27 ppm), which are in accordance with the results of Ma et al and Kang et al Compared to the pristine SP, the intensity of the peak at 116.6 ppm of the SP‐D‐PU resin nearly disappears due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the catechol OH of D‐PU and the SP, while the increased peak intensity at 71.2 ppm (CHOH) further reflects the existence of additional interactions between the polyurethane and SP molecules . Moreover, the SP‐D‐PU resin exhibits a new peak at 145.2 ppm corresponding to the CN groups due to the Schiff base reaction between the catechol OH and NH 2 of SP . Furthermore, after the introduction of D‐PU elastomer, it is also found that several new peaks appear in the region of α‐carbon (64.6, 48.9, and 45.9 ppm) and β‐carbon (36.1 and 32.3 ppm), and the spectra between 27 and 30 ppm show a significant difference to the pristine SP.…”

“…The incorporated PU elastomer blue‐shifts the peak of SP at 1644–1650 cm −1 in the SP‐PU, as the newly formed intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the SP and PU partly break the intramolecular hydrogen bonds within the SP matrix . In addition, it is observed that a new peak appears at 1106 cm −1 , and the absorption intensities of the peaks around 1391 (COO bending) and 1446 cm −1 (NH blending) also increase, which all indicate that the PU induces crosslinking reactions and forms multiple hydrogen bonds with the SP molecules thus influencing the chemical environment of the SP functional groups . After incorporating the D‐PU elastomer, the intensity of the peaks at 1515, 1645, and 3278 cm −1 decrease, which is mainly because that the catechol OH of D‐PU further forms strong physical intermolecular interactions with the OH and amide groups of the SP molecules .…”

“…In addition, it is observed that a new peak appears at 1106 cm −1 , and the absorption intensities of the peaks around 1391 (COO bending) and 1446 cm −1 (NH blending) also increase, which all indicate that the PU induces crosslinking reactions and forms multiple hydrogen bonds with the SP molecules thus influencing the chemical environment of the SP functional groups . After incorporating the D‐PU elastomer, the intensity of the peaks at 1515, 1645, and 3278 cm −1 decrease, which is mainly because that the catechol OH of D‐PU further forms strong physical intermolecular interactions with the OH and amide groups of the SP molecules . Moreover, another new characteristic peak appears at 1370 cm −1 (CN stretching) in the SP‐D‐PU spectra, evidently demonstrating that the catechol of D‐PU induces the PU to further react with the SP matrix by means of Schiff base reactions …”

“…After introducing the PU and D‐PU elastomer into the SP matrix, the two typical diffraction peaks exhibit significant decrements as compared to the pristine SP. This phenomenon can be explained from two aspects: the incorporated polyurethane elastomer serves as a physical and/or chemical crosslinker, which gives rise to multiple interfacial interactions with SP thus unbalancing the ordered array of the protein molecules; 2) the construction of a microphase‐separated structure within the SP matrix, induced by the introduction of the PU and D‐PU elastomer, break the original protein crystalline structure thus leading to the decrement of crystalline degree . In particular, compared to the SP‐PU, the diffraction peak intensity of SP‐D‐PU shows further decreasing tendency with α‐helix peak nearly disappearing.…”

High bonding strength and boiling water resistance of soy protein‐based adhesives via organosilicon–acrylate microemulsion and epoxy synergistic interfacial enhancement

“…The solid content is a basic factor that affects adhesion performance during the curing process . If the solid content is too high, the adhesive is too thick to be mixed or spread for gluing.…”