Ultra low fouling zwitterionic polymers with a biomimetic adhesive group

Ultralow‐Fouling, Functionalizable, and Hydrolyzable Zwitterionic Materials and Their Derivatives for Biological Applications

“…[32,43,58,59] The ''graft-to'' method involves (i) the preparation of polymers containing nonfouling and adhesive groups, such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) groups [24,60] and polylysine segments, [61] and (ii) the direct attachment of the polymers onto the surface. pSB and pCB have been grafted to or from surfaces via several common adhesive linkers, including thiols for a gold surface, [43,45,47,50,51,62,63] silanes for a glass surface, [64] hydrophobic moieties for a hydrophobic surface, [41,65,66] or DOPA for various surfaces, [67,68] or via interpenetrating networks (IPNs) into polyurethane (SPU) matrices. [69] pSB-based hydrogels have also been prepared.…”

“…[68] DOPA or catechol derivatives are inspired from the adhesive proteins found in mussels and have been successfully used for the functional modification of material surfaces. [24,60,[78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88] Catechol derivatives can be a versatile technique for the efficient, convenient, and stable anchoring of zwitterionic polymers onto surfaces.…”

“…pSBcatechol polymers with controlled molecular weight were synthesized via the ATRP of SB monomers initiated by bromide initiators attached to catechol with catecholic oxygens protected by t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS). [68] Before grafting to a surface, the hydroxyl groups of catechol were recovered by the deprotection of TBDMS. [68] The pSB-catechol polymer was grafted onto NH 2 -, COOH-, and CH 3 -terminated SAM surfaces and bare gold in both acidic 0.1 M 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) buffer (pH 6.0) and basic 10 mM TrisÀHCl buffer (pH 8.5).…”

“…The ''graft-from'' method via surface-initiated ATRP is able to produce coatings with high packing densities while the ''graft-to'' method via DOPA linkage is convenient to be implemented for practical applications. These coated surfaces have been challenged with complex biological media such as protein, cells, [43,45] platelet, [71] blood, [46,47,72] and bacteria, [63,67,68] and in the in vivo environments. [73] While coated surfaces are often tested with protein adsorption and cell adhesion in the literature, protein adsorption from undiluted blood plasma and serum as well as bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation are far more challenging.…”

Structures and Synthesis of Zwitterionic Polymers

“…In particular, the latter profits from the facile incorporation of reactive groups in special positions, e.g., in the center or at the ends of the polymers, that enable efficient attachment of the macromolecules onto the substrates. Still, classical grafting-from [318][319][320][321][322][323][324][325][326][327][328][329][330][331][332][333][334][335], grafting-to [336][337][338][339][340][341][342][343][344][345][346], and grafting-through [316,347] procedures are of course continuously in use, especially in industrial applications, where the activation of the surfaces for the grafting process by physical means or by simple, "unpretentious" chemistry is preferred for reasons of experience, cost and high-throughput.…”