Ultra-fine particles release from hardcopy devices: Sources, real-room measurements and efficiency of filter accessories

Wensing, Michael; Schripp, Tobias; Uhde, Erik; Salthammer, Tunga

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.018

Cited by 97 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…When the print job finished, particle number concentration presented a decaying trend because of the ultrafine particle loss caused by air exchange, particle deposition (by turbulent diffusion or thermophoresis), and particle coagulation (He et al, 2007;Byeon and Kim, 2012). The overall trends of particle number concentration are in agreement with previous reports (He et al, 2007;Wensing et al, 2008;Byeon and Kim, 2012). However, different performances in particle emissions were observed especially with respect to the C max and AUC 30 values which indicate a differing property corresponding to the particle source, although the ultrafine particle concentration increased as the print job proceeded in all cases.…”

Section: Ultrafine Particle Emission Characteristics Varied With Lasesupporting

confidence: 89%

“…(2) can be only applied in the situations where the source maintains a constant emission rate. According to Wensing et al (2008) and Schripp et al (2008), the emission rate characteristic from laser printers highly depended on the printer model and the toner cartridge where some presented a constant emission feature but the others had an initial-burst feature. Therefore, we used the average particle emission rate as the characterizing parameter which is defined as…”

Section: Evaluation Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to contributions from differences in hardware configuration, ultrafine particle emissions are also associated with operating or process conditions including: starting process, printing job characteristics, printing mode, and even environmental parameters. Researchers have investigated the effects of printing conditions such as cartridge age and toner coverage on the particle emission rate (He et al, 2007;Wensing et al, 2008;He et al, 2010), as well as the effects of page quantity on the maximum particle concentration and particle loss rate . More recently, printers with the same manufacturer were investigated to evaluate the individual effects of printing speed on particle emission characteristics (Byeon and Kim, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrafine Aerosol Particles from Laser Printing Process: Response Relationship between Operating Parameters and Emission Characteristics

Zhao

2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Ultrafine aerosol particles (UFAP, diameter < 100 nm) emitted from laser printers have been considered as toxic aerosol. To address the response relationship between the operating parameters and real-time ultrafine emissions, three commercial printers were used to experimentally investigate their emission characteristics under different operating parameters including: the ready process, the number of pages printed, the page coverage and the print mode. The results showed that ultrafine particle emissions varied with the printer model. No causal correlation existed between the ultrafine particle number concentration and the PM 2.5 mass concentration of a specific printer. Ultrafine particle emission characteristics were highly associated with operating parameters other than printer/cartridge toner model. Not all of the tested printers displayed ultrafine particle emissions in the ready process. Ultrafine particle emissions increased with increasing number of printed pages and page coverage with a nonlinear relationship. Compared with continuous printing, intermittent printing has a so-called "peak-shaving" or "peak-shift" effect. The results may help to provide a simple and effective way to control and reduce ultrafine particle emissions from laser printers by means of improvement of operating conditions.

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Section: Ultrafine Particle Emission Characteristics Varied With Lasesupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Evaluation Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrafine Aerosol Particles from Laser Printing Process: Response Relationship between Operating Parameters and Emission Characteristics

Zhao

2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…Office PM sources are represented by electronic equipment, such as: printers, photocopiers, multifunction office machines and computers (He et al, 2007;Koivisto et al, 2010;Ren et al, 2006;Wensing et al, 2008). Air conditioners (Fisk et al, 2000), together with human activity (Luoma and Batterman, 2001), can also generate PM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor airborne particle sources and semi-volatile partitioning effect of outdoor fine PM in offices

Sangiorgi

Ferrero

Ferrini

et al. 2013

Atmospheric Environment

117

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To date, few studies have focused on PM air quality in offices, despite the fact that a lot of people spend\ud many working hours a day in such offices. The aim of the present study is to investigate PM1 and PM2.5\ud in offices in Milan (Northern Italy) and in the air outside those offices. The PM samples were analyzed to\ud determine the entity of certain compounds with possible direct or indirect adverse effects on human\ud health: PAHs, BpA, and water soluble inorganic ions.\ud A good correlation between outdoor and indoor PM mass concentrations emerged (R2 w0.87). The\ud maximum I/O concentration ratiowas 0.92, suggesting that the indoor PM levelwas always lower than the\ud outdoor level. The average infiltration factor, FINF,was 0.55, showing that about a half of the outdoor PMhad\ud come indoors. The indoor-generated particles, Cig, had values ranging from 0 to 4.4 mg m3 (<25% of the\ud indoor PM), showing that PM indoor sources had only made a limited contribution to total indoor PM.\ud The results of the indoor-to-outdoor comparisons for the aforementioned chemical compounds\ud demonstrate that the offices were characterized by the absence of effective indoor sources of particulatebound\ud PAHs and inorganic ions, whereas Cig was around 58% of the indoor concentration for BpA. Our\ud analysis of the FINF data pointed to the presence of a volatilization effect from PM for semi-volatile\ud compounds like ammonium nitrate and 4- or 5-ring PAHs, which affected the measurement of their\ud FINF. We propose the introduction of a new and simple parameter, called volatilization correction, to take\ud account of this effect

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“…Office staff, on the other hand, is more likely to be exposed to the emissions produced by printing or photocopying rather than to the toner powder itself. Exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP, diameter <0.1 lm) emitted from the hardcopy devices is a topic of high concern for this group [He et al, 2007;Schripp et al, 2008;Wensing et al, 2008]. Exposure to toner powder may occur via dermal routes by direct skin or eye contact, respiration by inhalation, or ingestion if toner powder is swallowed accidentally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxic effects of three selected black toner powders and their dimethyl sulfoxide extracts in cultured human epithelial A549 lung cells in vitro

Gminski

Decker

Heinz

et al. 2010

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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Until now, the adverse effects of toner powders on humans have been considered to be minimal. However, several recent reports have suggested possible significant adverse health effects from toner dust inhalation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of black toner powders in vitro. For the study of DNA damage, A549 cells were exposed to toner-powder suspensions and to their DMSO extracts, and then subjected to the comet assay and to the in-vitro cytokinesis block micronucleus test (CB-MNvit). Cytotoxic effects of the toner samples were assessed by the erythrosin B assay. Furthermore, size, shape, and composition of the toner powders were investigated. None of the three toner powders or their DMSO extracts reduced cell viability; however, they did induce DNA damage and formed micronuclei at concentrations from 80 to 400 lg cm 22 , although to a varying extent. All toner powders contain considerable amounts of the pigments carbon black and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) as well as small amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The overall results of our invitro study suggest that the investigated toner-powder samples are not cytotoxic but genotoxic. From the results of the physical and chemical characterization, we conclude that metals and metalloids as components of magnetite, or PAHs as components of the carbon-bearing material, are responsible for the genotoxic effects. Further research is necessary to determine the relevance of these in-vitro observations for private and occupational toner powder exposure.

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Ultra-fine particles release from hardcopy devices: Sources, real-room measurements and efficiency of filter accessories

Cited by 97 publications

References 15 publications

Ultrafine Aerosol Particles from Laser Printing Process: Response Relationship between Operating Parameters and Emission Characteristics

Ultrafine Aerosol Particles from Laser Printing Process: Response Relationship between Operating Parameters and Emission Characteristics

Indoor airborne particle sources and semi-volatile partitioning effect of outdoor fine PM in offices

Genotoxic effects of three selected black toner powders and their dimethyl sulfoxide extracts in cultured human epithelial A549 lung cells in vitro

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