Ulmus laevis in the Iberian Peninsula: a review of its ecology and conservation

Venturas, Martin D.; Fuentes-Utrilla, Pablo; López, Rosana; Perea, Ramón; Fernández, Victoria; Gascó, Antonio; Guzmán, Paula; Li, M; Rodríguez‐Calcerrada, Jesús; Miranda, Edma Carvalho de; Domínguez, Jorge Domínguez; González-Gordaliza, G; Zafra, Elena; Fajardo-Alcántara, M; Martín, J.A; Ennos, Richard A.; Nanos, Nikos; Lucena, JJ; Iglesias, S.; Collada, Carmen; Gil, Luis

doi:10.3832/ifor1201-008

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…The greater resistance of U. laevis to DED is also supported by the data on its abundance from the present study, as well as by other studies (Pinon et al, 2005;Venturas et al, 2015). DED symptoms were still visible, however, in 22% of the localities with U. laevis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…An inventory of the occurrence of a species is a prerequisite for establishing any gene conservation programme (Eriksson, 2001;Venturas et al, 2015). The area of forest stands where elms are dominant has more than doubled between 1978 and 2012.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be understood, however, that the existence of forested stands of these elm are mostly to preserve the species and the quality of the environment. Currently, the resources representing all three species of elm are strongly scattered, which may lead to a reduction in the gene pool (Pinon at al., 2005;Vakkari et al, 2009;Venturas et al, 2015). Therefore, the in situ protection programme should be extended to establish ex situ gene banks, within which the beetles responsible for spreading DED are controlled using a variety of methods, including appropriate insecticides and removal of trees, particularly those attacked in the previous growing season (Grzywacz, 2015;Menkis et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in elm (Ulmus) populations of mid-western Poland during the past 35 years

Napierała-Filipiak¹,

Filipiak²,

Łakomy³

et al. 2016

Dendrobiology

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Three elm species are native to Poland: wych elm (Scots elm) (Ulmus glabra Huds.), field elm (U. minor Mill.), and European white elm (fluttering elm) (U. laevis Pall.). The epidemic of Dutch elm disease (DED) has led to a decrease in the popularity of elm cultivation. An analysis of forestry data was the first step in the assessment of elm resources. The area of forest stands where elms are dominant has more than doubled since 1978. Lowland alluvial forests rank first in regards to the number of elm localities per unit area of a given forest site type. While this site type is clearly preferred by elms, the majority of elm trees are actually scattered among sites of oak-hornbeam or closely related forests (of the alliance Carpinion betuli). Field research revealed a clear dominance of U. laevis, a species which in the past was predominantly located out of woodland and rarely cultivated. Data analysis indicated that all trees greater than 70 cm in diameter belonged to this species. Data from plots surveyed directly also suggest that the three elm species have slightly different habitat preferences. U. laevis prefers riparian habitats, although the major part of its resources is now on potential sites of oak-hornbeam or closely related forests. U. minor even more often than U. laevis occurs at less humid sites (mostly potential sites of oak-hornbeam or closely related forests), while U. glabra prefers moist slopes. In general, it appears that the impact of DED in the last 20-30 years has been smaller than in the preceding period, however, the disappearance of the disease has not been established. Undoubtedly, U. laevis is the elm species that is least impacted by DED.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in elm (Ulmus) populations of mid-western Poland during the past 35 years

Napierała-Filipiak¹,

Filipiak²,

Łakomy³

et al. 2016

Dendrobiology

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“…U. minor is the elm species considered to be the most susceptible to DED, while U. laevis is considered to be the less impacted since the beetle vectors of this disease colonize trees of this species less commonly [31]. It is noteworthy, however, that the dominance of U. minor in forest stands on potential sites of lowland alluvial forest in Poland [2,4], contrasts with some published reports from other countries, both from the East and from the West of Europe [1,[32][33][34], which suggest that the most typical elm species of alluvial forests is U. laevis. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded that the contribution of U. minor to alluvial forests was artificially increased before the DED epidemics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Species Composition of Elms (Ulmus spp.) in Poland

Napierała-Filipiak

Filipiak

Łakomy

2019

Forests

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In nearly 600 randomly selected forest stands including elms (Ulmus spp.), we conducted field research to identify them to species level and to find trees showing symptoms of Dutch elm disease (DED). The presented data show that all the 3 native elms (U. glabra, U. laevis, and U. minor) still exist in the whole ranges of their distribution in Poland reported earlier, but their role as forest-forming species has changed. In comparison to published data, the contribution of U. minor has markedly decreased, while an increased contribution was observed in the case of U. laevis, a species which in the past was predominantly located out of woodland and was rarely cultivated. In mountains, where the most frequent is U. glabra, the contribution of elms to forest stands is currently clearly lower than in the lowlands and uplands of Poland. The observed changes most probably result from Dutch elm disease. It cannot be excluded that the changes are at least partly linked with natural correction of forest stand composition modified earlier by human activity (silviculture). In all parts of Poland, trees with symptoms of Dutch elm disease are found, but large-scale decline (of a majority of elm trees) is observed only in about 1.5% of the directly investigated localities.

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“…Samaras are normally up to 20.6 × 12.0 mm, and seeds 5.0 × 3.5 mm (Grime et al., ). Mast‐year seed production is rare in U. glabra and certainly less common than in U. minor (Hulme & Borelli, ) and particularly in U. laevis (Perea, Venturas, & Gil, ; Venturas, Nanos, & Gil, ), which in central Spain can produce 24 times more seed than during a non‐mast year (Venturas et al., ).…”

Section: Floral and Seed Charactersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Ulmus glabra

2018

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This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ulmus glabraHudson (wych elm) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation.2. Ulmus glabra is a large forest tree, and often an important canopy tree in ancient and semi-natural woodlands. It is primarily native to the north and west of Britain and much of mainland Europe. It is the only elm native to Ireland. It is the most distinct of the British elms in that it rarely suckers and sets abundant viable seed.Although found on limestone screes and cliffs, and hedgerows, it is primarily a woodland tree, especially on moist, basic soils. In many secondary woodlands, it often co-occurs with Acer pseudoplatanus and has ecological needs that are similar to Fraxinus excelsior. 3.Ulmus glabra has clusters of c. 25 hermaphrodite flowers appearing before the leaves on previous year's growth. Seeds are wind-dispersed, falling in April to July, but remain viable for only a few days. Nevertheless, seedling establishment can be abundant. Hybridisation with other northern European elms is common but hybrids are notoriously difficult to identify and therefore probably under-recorded.4. The health and survival of wych elm in Europe has been seriously compromised since the 1970s due to Dutch elm disease caused by the fungus Ophiostoma novoulmi, transmitted by elm bark beetles (Scolytus spp.). To the south of its Scottish stronghold, many elms are reduced to small trees regrowing from basal sprouts or seeds. These trees tend to be reinfected once trunk diameter exceeds 10 cm.Fortunately for its long-term survival, seed production usually begins a number of years before they are reinfected.

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Ulmus laevis in the Iberian Peninsula: a review of its ecology and conservation

Cited by 24 publications

References 76 publications

Changes in elm (Ulmus) populations of mid-western Poland during the past 35 years

Changes in elm (Ulmus) populations of mid-western Poland during the past 35 years

Changes in the Species Composition of Elms (Ulmus spp.) in Poland

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Ulmus glabra

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