Ukrainian Market of Electrical Energy: Reforming, Financing, Innovative Investment, Efficiency Analysis, and Audit

Abstract

The aim of this research is to determine the influence of electrical energy market regulation reform in Ukraine on the competitive environment, the reproduction processes of financial and innovative support, and the energy efficiency of the national economy. The authors have put forward and verified the hypothesis that, under conditions of institutional maturity of the Ukrainian electrical energy market, its liberalization and separation of the kinds of activity related to generation, transmission, and distribution leads to a decrease in prices, and the level of economic concentration stimulates implementation of innovations and the formation of reports on sustainable development. Over the thirteen-year time interval, a steady trend of decreasing energy intensity of the Ukrainian economy was established, and the appropriateness of energy efficiency management based on strategic targets was substantiated. The electricity market model in Ukraine is defined as a hybrid one, with an emphasis on trade under bilateral agreements. It was statistically found that liberalization of the electrical energy market in Ukraine contributed to a decrease in prices, with the exception of the areas of largest household and non-household consumers. The high level of asset concentration in the accounts of large enterprises was revealed, and the conclusion concerning the improvement of the competitive environment in the electricity production sector and the existence of the features of natural monopolies in the areas of transmission and distribution of electricity was made. The assessment of the financial competitive ability and profitability of electrical energy market entities was made, the main entities of the investment activity and the sources of their financing were characterized, and innovations were emphasized. The role of the standards of the audit of integrated reporting of the Ukrainian energy holdings and their role in ensuring sustainable development was determined.

Energy Losses Due to Imperfect Payment Infrastructure and Payment Instruments

“…Furthermore, the main energy consumers of the EU are the transport and industry sectors [4], which have the greatest potential to implement energy efficiency measures. Nevertheless, energy consumption in other sectors of the EU economy is significant and they should also be taken into account in achieving the targets of a climate-neutral economy by 2050 and the sustainable development of society [5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

Energieeffizienz Der Zahlungsoperationen

“…Am 04.04.2021 betrug sie 2373 Minuten (142380 Sekunden)[1]. Dementsprechend wären die Kosten für die Arbeit des POS-Terminals für die Transaktionbestätigung mit Kryptowährung erheblich, und die Energieeffizienz wäre gering unter den gleichen Betriebsbedingungen der Zahlungsinfrastruktur (Tabelle 1)[14,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Das Minimum ist die 10 Minuten.…”

Zahlungszeit Als Faktor Der Kundenzufriedenheit

“…Die Bargeldabhebung wird sich auch positiv auf die Verkürzung der Zahlungszeiten durch die Kassierer auswirken. Diese Zahl bei der Arbeit mit Bargeld ist auf das Unvorhersehbare zurückzuführen, da die Kombination von Geld und Banknoten mit Münzen eine der am wenigsten vorhersehbaren ist [2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22].…”