Über Symmetrie- und Längenverhältnisse der verknöcherten Skeletteile menschlicher Embryonen

König, Katharina; Kornfeld, W.

doi:10.1007/bf02117400

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 7 publications

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“…Schultz (1923) also found that many more asymmetries exist in other parts of the fetal body. Konig and Kornfeld (1927) measured the lengths of ossified shafts of fetal humeri between 4 and 6 months of age and found asymmetries in approximately one-third of their specimens. Their measurements of ossified femoral shafts showed that only 10% of paired femurs were asymmetrical between 4 and 6 months of age.…”

Section: Growth Of Bonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Growth

1986

107

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Section: Growth Of Bonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Growth

1986

107

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The prenatal development of the human humerus

Gray

Gardner

1969

Am. J. Anat.

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Forty pairs of humeri, from a series of embryos and fetuses ranging from 26 to 342 mm in crown-rump length, were measured, radiographed, and sectioned for microscopic study.A primary bony collar was present before the end of the embryonic period, and in a 27 mm embryo it extended for nearly one-third of the length of the humerus. Erosion of the collar occurred at the end of the embryonic period. By about 37 mm, endochondral ossification began, and cartilage canals were invading the proximal epiphysis. As endochondral ossification proceeded proximally and distally and growth zones became established, periosteal bone formation also proceeded longitudinally and, until about 18 weeks, extended about one millimeter beyond the zone of cartilage destruction in the growth zones. Subsequently the extents of periosteal and endochondral ossification were the same and at term occupied 79% of the length of the humerus.Trabeculation of the bony collar began in the embryonic period. Fusion of endochondral trabeculae with the inner aspect of the periosteal shell began by 61 mm. A central marrow cavity free of trabeculae was consistently present after 86 mm. Evidence of reconstruction appeared in the proximal end by 73 mm and in the distal end by 113 mm, and was always present after 97 and 125 mm respectively.

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The prenatal development of the human femur

Gardner

Gray

1970

Am. J. Anat.

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The study reported here is the result of a detailed investigation of the changes in shape of the femur with growth and torsion, the type, rate and character of ossification, and the onset, subsequent course, and general features of remodeling.Forty pairs of femurs, from a series of embryos and fetuses ranging from 26 to 342 mm in crown-rump length, were measured, radiographed, and sectioned for microscopic study.A primary bony collar was present before the end of the embryonic period, and in a 27 m m embryo it extended for about one-fifth of the length of the femur. Erosion of the collar was evident at 34 mm, and invasion and destruction of calcified cartilage were occurring by 37 mm. Cartilage canals first appeared in the proximal epiphysis at 57 mm and in the distal epiphysis at 61 mm.Along with the progression of endochondral ossification proximally and distally and the establishment of growth zones, periosteal bone formation also proceeded in both directions, and, until 275 mm, extended about 1 mm beyond the zones of cartilage destruction. After 275 mm, the extents of periosteal and endochondral ossification were the same and at term occupied almost four-fifths of the length of the femur.Trabeculation of the bony collar was first noted at 37 mm. Fusion of endochondral trabeculae with the inner aspect of the periosteal shell began by 61 mm. A central marrow cavity free of trabeculae was present at 86 mm and thereafter. Evidence of reconstruction appeared in both proximal and distal ends by 92 mm, and was consistently present in both ends in all specimens of 111 m m and larger.

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Über Symmetrie- und Längenverhältnisse der verknöcherten Skeletteile menschlicher Embryonen

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Human Growth

Human Growth

The prenatal development of the human humerus

The prenatal development of the human femur

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