Über hochpolymere Verbindungen, 55. Mitteil.: Über Poly‐acrylsäure

Staudinger, H.; Kohlschütter, H. W.

doi:10.1002/cber.19310640835

Cited by 36 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In a paper of 1929, Staudinger et al [4] concluded that the polymerization is going on by an active state of the chains until the process is terminated by ring formation as at this time nothing was known about the chain length and the nature of the chain ends. In 1931 Staudinger and Kohlschütter [5] explained the polymerization of acrylic acid by an activation of the monomer molecule and a very fast addition of further monomer molecules in a chain reaction.…”

Section: Early History Of the Theory Of Free Radical Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origins and Development of Initiation of Free Radical Polymerization Processes

Braun

2009

International Journal of Polymer Science

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At present worldwide about 45% of the manufactured plastic materials and 40% of synthetic rubber are obtained by free radical polymerization processes. The first free radically synthesized polymers were produced between 1910 and 1930 by initiation with peroxy compounds. In the 1940s the polymerization by redox processes was found independently and simultaneously at IG Farben in Germany and ICI in Great Britain. In the 1950s the systematic investigation of azo compounds as free radical initiators followed. Compounds with labile C–C-bonds were investigated as initiators only in the period from the end of the 1960s until the early 1980s. At about the same time, iniferters with cleavable S–S-bonds were studied in detail. Both these initiator classes can be designated as predecessors for “living” or controlled free radical polymerizations with nitroxyl-mediated polymerizations, reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer processes (RAFT), and atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRP).

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Section: Early History Of the Theory Of Free Radical Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origins and Development of Initiation of Free Radical Polymerization Processes

Braun

2009

International Journal of Polymer Science

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“…The basic chemistry involved in free radical polymerization, first argued for by Staudinger and collaborators7 8 in the 1930s, is by now well established. Highly reactive free radical species trigger fast chain reactions which string monomers into polymer chains as follows.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Autoacceleration in Free Radical Polymerization. 1. Conversion

O’Shaughnessy¹,

Yu²

1994

Macromolecules

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“…Roughly one-half of total U.S. plastics production, for example, now relies on FRP processes. It has been established [19] that highly reactive free radical species trigger fast chain reactions stringing monomers into polymer chains as follows. When a free radical attacks a monomer, it transfers its active center to the monomer itself, initiating a "live" growing chain, or "macroradical, " as successive monomers are added in similar fashion.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoacceleration in Free Radical Polymerization

O’Shaughnessy

1994

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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We present a theory of the "autoacceleration" of polymerization rates during free radical polymerization, known as the gel effect. Termination reactions between long living chains are so retarded by entanglements that "short-long" terminations provide the fastest mechanism. Consistent with several experiments, this leads to polymerization rates independent of the radical production rate R;, in contrast to the~R; dependence in the classical theory. For long chains, the instantaneous polymer product is a copy of the living population, following an exponential distribution with mean length N -1/R;. PACS numbers: 82.35.+t, 05.40.+j, 05.70.Ln The structure and properties of polymeric materials are governed to a large degree by the kinetics of their synthesis, in general, highly nonequilibrium polymerization processes. This has motivated a huge body of interdisciplinary research into the most widely employed method of polymer synthesis, free radical polymerization (FRP) [1 -10]. FRP kinetics determine [11] molecular weight distributions, chemical sequences in statistical and graft copolymers, gel structures, and many other characteristics

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Über hochpolymere Verbindungen, 55. Mitteil.: Über Poly‐acrylsäure

Cited by 36 publications

References 11 publications

Origins and Development of Initiation of Free Radical Polymerization Processes

Origins and Development of Initiation of Free Radical Polymerization Processes

Autoacceleration in Free Radical Polymerization. 1. Conversion

Autoacceleration in Free Radical Polymerization

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