Über die Bedeutung der Gewebe als Chlordepots

Wahlgren, Valdemar; Magnus, R.

doi:10.1007/bf01841955

Cited by 86 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Over 100 years ago, Wahlgren and Padtberg noted that following increased dietary salt intervention the skin can serve as a salt depository [1, 2]. Approximately 40 years ago, Ivanova et al reported that huge amounts of Na + can be stored in the skin and linked to an enhanced sulfation of glycosaminoglycans in rats, which might serve as a negative charge capacitor for Na + [44].…”

Section: Local Salt Storage In the Skin Of Mice And Menmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, local salt storage in tissues was not considered to occur; consequently, studying local salt composition and its effect on tissues other than the kidney has been largely disregarded, although evidence to that effect already existed in 1909 [1, 2]. The generally accepted exception to this rule is of course the kidney, where large differences in electrolyte concentration are present and also required for the production of concentrated urine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elementary immunology: Na+ as a regulator of immunity

et al. 2016

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The skin can serve as an interstitial Na+ reservoir. Local tissue Na+ accumulation increases with age, inflammation and infection. This increased local Na+ availability favors pro-inflammatory immune cell function and dampens their anti-inflammatory capacity. In this review, we summarize available data on how NaCl affects various immune cells. We particularly focus on how salt promotes pro-inflammatory macrophage and T cell function and simultaneously curtails their regulatory and anti-inflammatory potential. Overall, these findings demonstrate that local Na+ availability is a promising novel regulator of immunity. Hence, the modulation of tissue Na+ levels bears broad therapeutic potential: increasing local Na+ availability may help in treating infections, while lowering tissue Na+ levels may be used to treat, for example, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases.

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Section: Local Salt Storage In the Skin Of Mice And Menmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elementary immunology: Na+ as a regulator of immunity

et al. 2016

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“…Na MR studies (12,13), (ii) a volume RF coil configuration at 7.0 T using a birdcage RF coil (C), and the proposed two-element transceiver RF coil array (D). The imaging protocol was adjusted (A-D): to achieve an in-plane spatial resolution of (3.0 x 3.0) mm 3 reported for state-of-the-art 23 Na MR studies (12,13) and (E): to facilitate an in-plane spatial resolution of (1.0 x 1.0) mm 3 while keeping the total scan time constant. SNR was determined for a region of interest placed in the phantom (marked in red) containing 25mM NaCl to resemble skin.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A reduced salt intake has been moved to be the primary adjustable behavior-related variable that should be adapted by every society worldwide (2). Over 100 years ago, Wahlgren found that the skin is a major storage depot for NaCl (3). This information was subsequently largely forgotten as clinical research focused on Na + regulation with regards to extracellular fluid volume in terms of a two-compartment model ultimately determined by renal function (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin sodium measured with ²³Na MRI at 7.0 T

et al. 2014

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Objective: Skin-sodium storage, as a physiologically important regulatory mechanism for blood pressure, volume regulation, and indeed survival, has recently been rediscovered. This prompted the development of MRI methods to assess sodium storage in humans ( 23 Na-MRI) at 3.0 Tesla. This work examines the feasibility of high in-plane spatial resolution 23 Na MRI in skin at 7.0 T. Methods:A two-channel transceiver RF coil array tailored for skin MRI at 7.0 T (f=78.5MHz) is proposed. Specific absorption rate (SAR) simulations and a thorough assessment of RF power deposition were performed to meet the safety requirements. Human skin was examined in an in vivo feasibility study using 2D gradient echo imaging. Normal male adult volunteers (n=17, mean ± SD = 46 ± 18 years, range: 20-79 years) were investigated.Transverse slices of the calf were imaged with 23 Na MRI using a high in-plane resolution of (0.9 x 0.9) mm 2 . Skin Na + content was determined using external agarose standards covering a physiological-range of Na + concentrations. To assess the intra-subject reproducibility, each volunteer was examined three to five times with each session including a 5 min walk and repositioning/preparation of the subject. Age-dependence of skin Na + content was investigated. Results:The 23 Na RF coil provides improved sensitivity within a range of 1 cm from its surface versus a volume RF coil which facilitates high in-plane spatial resolution imaging of human skin. Intra-subject variability of human skin sodium content in the volunteer population was <10.3%. An age-dependent increase in skin Na + content was observed, r = 0.78). Short abstractThis work demonstrates the feasibility of sub-millimeter in-plane spatial resolution 23 Na MRI in skin at clinically acceptable acquisition times at 7.0 T. Intra-subject variability of human skin sodium content in the volunteer population was <10.3%. An age-dependent increase in skin Na + content was observed (r = 0.78). Assigning sodium stores with 23 Na-MRI techniques could be improved at 7.0 T compared to current 3.0 T technology.-6 -

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“…Large amounts of Na + are stored in the skin. Skin Na + storage can be induced experimentally by dietary salt (Ivanova et al, 1978; Padtberg, 1909; Titze et al, 2004; Wahlgren, 1909). Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging allow for non-invasive quantification of Na + storage in the skin in humans and revealed that cutaneous Na + stores increase with age (Linz et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous Na+ Storage Strengthens the Antimicrobial Barrier Function of the Skin and Boosts Macrophage-Driven Host Defense

et al. 2015

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Summary Immune cells regulate a hypertonic microenvironment in the skin; however, the biological advantage of increased skin Na+ concentrations is unknown. We found that Na+ accumulated at the site of bacterial skin infections in humans and in mice. We used the protozoan parasite Leishmania major as a model of skin-prone macrophage infection to test the hypothesis that skin-Na+ storage facilitates antimicrobial host defense. Activation of macrophages in the presence of high NaCl concentrations modified epigenetic markers and enhanced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK)-dependent nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) activation. This high-salt response resulted in elevated type-2 nitric oxide synthase (Nos2)-dependent NO production and improved Leishmania major control. Finally, we found that increasing Na+ content in the skin by a high-salt diet boosted activation of macrophages in an Nfat5-dependent manner and promoted cutaneous antimicrobial defense. We suggest that the hypertonic microenvironment could serve as a barrier to infection.

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Über die Bedeutung der Gewebe als Chlordepots

Abstract: Uber die Bedeutung der Gewebe als Chlordepots. u Valdemar Wahlgren -~ aus Upsala. ~) tIerausgegeben yon R. Magnus in Utrecht. 7*

Cited by 86 publications

References 8 publications

Elementary immunology: Na+ as a regulator of immunity

Elementary immunology: Na+ as a regulator of immunity

Skin sodium measured with ²³Na MRI at 7.0 T

Cutaneous Na+ Storage Strengthens the Antimicrobial Barrier Function of the Skin and Boosts Macrophage-Driven Host Defense

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Über die Bedeutung der Gewebe als Chlordepots

Abstract: Uber die Bedeutung der Gewebe als Chlordepots. u Valdemar Wahlgren -~ aus Upsala. ~) tIerausgegeben yon R. Magnus in Utrecht. 7*

Cited by 86 publications

References 8 publications

Elementary immunology: Na+ as a regulator of immunity

Elementary immunology: Na+ as a regulator of immunity

Skin sodium measured with 23Na MRI at 7.0 T

Cutaneous Na+ Storage Strengthens the Antimicrobial Barrier Function of the Skin and Boosts Macrophage-Driven Host Defense

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Product

Resources

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Skin sodium measured with ²³Na MRI at 7.0 T