Über den Gasaustausch zwischen Außenluft und Alveolen

Abstract

Schon seit den Versuchen von J u r i n e , Allen und P e p y s (1808) und vor allem F O~ K a r l V i e r o r d t 2 ist es bekannt, daB der Kohlensauregehalt verschiedener Portionen der Exspirationsluft, also auch der der Luft in den verschiedenen Teilen des Lungenhohlraumes verschieden ist; er ist in den feineren Bronchien und Alveolen gr6Ber als in den oberen Luftwegen. Das riihrt daher, daB nicht alle Inspirationsluft sich mit der Luft in den Lungen mischt, sondern eiu Teil von ihr ungemischt in deli oberen Luftwegen zuruckbleibt und mit der Exspiration mieder ausgeatniet wird. V i e r o r d t schliefit aus seinen Versuchen, daB die Alveolenluft etma 1.2 Proz. mehr Kohlensaure enthalte, als die durch eine Exspiration gewohnlicher Tiefe ausgeatmete Luft.G r 6 h a n t S fand dann, daB nach einer Inspiration von 500mm reinen Wasserstoffes in der folgenden gleichgroBen Exspiration 34 Proz., ,,Respiration" in W a g n e r s Handwb'rterbuck der Physiologie. Bd. 11. Gedllchtnisschrift.6

Studies on the Intrapulmonary Mixture of Gases. I. Nitrogen Elimination From Blood and Body Tissues During High Oxygen Breathing

“…oxygen breathing (1) in a normal subject, and (2) in a patient with advanced pulmonary emphysema. The delay in emptying the lungs of nitrogen, in the latter case, is striking.…”

“…The investigation of these will form the subject matter of this and the following papers. The phenomena concerned may be described as follows : (a) The rate of emptying of nitrogen from the lung during pure oxygen breathing will depend upon a number of factors: the volume of residual air in the lungs, the volume of tidal air, rate of respiration, and the adequacy of distribution of each tidal breath to deeper pulmonary spaces (1). This rate of emptying is also an effective means of measuring efficiency of the ventilatory process; that is, the emptying of nitrogen from a pulmonary air space, with a given breath, gives an index of the effectiveness of this breath in removing carbon dioxide from, or adding oxygen to, this same air space.…”

Historical Introduction: The Evolution of Understanding the Small Airways

“…1 The first man to begin the study of gas distribution in the lung was, I think, N. Grehant in France in 1864. 2 Interest in the factors that determined gas mixing in the lung increased in 1911, with the work of Siebeck, 3 and later continued by Lundsgaard, who published on new experiments in 1923. 4 Sonne (whose name was perpetuated by his having discovered an intestinal bacillus when he was a very young man, but who devoted all of his main research career to respiratory physiology) was studying alveolar gas distribution in 1936.…”

Studies on Intrapulmonary Mixture of Gases. V. Forms of Inadequate Ventilation in Normal and Emphysematous Lungs, Analyzed by Means of Breathing Pure Oxygen

“…For example, a high carbon dioxide content may indicate slow aeration or good perfusion, or both. To avoid these limitations, Siebeck (5,6) and, more extensively, Roelson (7 to 9) used a foreign gas, hydrogen, in the breathing mixture. These experiments showed a greater degree of imperfect -mixture than those using air, indicating either that hydrogen diffused into stagnant air spaces, not emptied by a forced expiration, or that reduced perfusion of the poorly ventilated spaces had masked the inadequate ventilation in the airbreathing experiments.…”