Tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide in nerves of rat periovarian adipose tissue: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigation

Giordano, Antonio; Morroni, Manrico; Santone, Giovanni; Marchesi, G; Cinti, Saverio

doi:10.1007/bf02284791

Cited by 113 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Still, this finding did not gain wide acceptance or interest compared with that occurring now for brite/beige cells. At about the same time (1992), however, in a particularly thorough study, Cousin et al 17 in laboratory rats found both mRNA and protein for UCP-1 in several WAT depots (mesenteric, epididymal, retroperitoneal and inguinal) that was especially striking in periovarian WAT (which can possess some bona fide brown adipocytes; for example, see Giordano et al 18 ). As with BAT, cold exposure or β-adrenoceptor agonist treatment exacerbated the UCP-1 in these WAT depots.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Neural control of white, beige and brown adipocytes

Bartness

Ryu

2015

Int J Obes Supp

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Reports of brown-like adipocytes in traditionally white adipose tissue (WAT) depots occurred~30 years ago, but interest in white adipocyte 'browning' only has gained attention more recently. We integrate some of what is known about the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervation of WAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT) with the few studies focusing on the sympathetic innervation of the so-called 'brite' or 'beige' adipocytes that appear when WAT sympathetic drive increases (for example, cold exposure and food deprivation). Only one brain site, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), selectively browns some (inguinal WAT (IWAT) and dorsomedial subcutaneous WAT), but not all WAT depots and only when DMH neuropeptide Y gene expression is knocked down, a browning effect is mediated by WAT SNS innervation. Other studies show that WAT sympathetic fiber density is correlated with the number of brown-like adipocytes (multilocular lipid droplets, uncoupling protein-1 immunoreactivity) at both warm and cold ambient temperatures. WAT and BAT have sensory innervation, the latter important for acute BAT cold-induced temperature increases, therefore suggesting the possible importance of sensory neural feedback from brite/beige cells for heat production. Only one report shows browned WAT capable of producing heat in vivo. Collectively, increases in WAT sympathetic drive and the phenotype of these stimulated adipocytes seems critical for the production of new and/or transdifferentiation of white to brite/ beige adipocytes. Selective harnessing of WAT SNS drive to produce browning or selective browning independent of the SNS to counter increases in adiposity by increasing expenditure appears to be extremely challenging.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Neural control of white, beige and brown adipocytes

Bartness

Ryu

2015

Int J Obes Supp

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“…White-to-brown transdifferentiation is essential to meet increased heat production requirements during chronic cold exposure. Cold exposure activates BAT by acting on the sympathetic nervous fibres that directly innervate brown adipocytes at the parenchymal level (36,37,38,39); chronic cold exposure results in branching of noradrenergic parenchymal fibres, significantly increasing BAT sympathetic innervation, a phenomenon that appears to be closely related to white-to-brown transdifferentiation (40,41). b3-adrenoceptors (AR) are specifically expressed by brown adipocytes.…”

Section: White-brown Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: White, brown and pink adipocytes: the extraordinary plasticity of the adipose organ

Giordano

Smorlesi

Frontini

et al. 2014

European Journal of Endocrinology

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213

168

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In mammals, adipocytes are lipid-laden cells making up the parenchyma of the multi-depot adipose organ. White adipocytes store lipids for release as free fatty acids during fasting periods; brown adipocytes burn glucose and lipids to maintain thermal homeostasis. A third type of adipocyte, the pink adipocyte, has recently been characterised in mouse subcutaneous fat depots during pregnancy and lactation. Pink adipocytes are mammary gland alveolar epithelial cells whose role is to produce and secrete milk. Emerging evidence suggests that they derive from the transdifferentiation of subcutaneous white adipocytes. The functional response of the adipose organ to a range of metabolic and environmental challenges highlights its extraordinary plasticity. Cold exposure induces an increase in the 'brown' component of the organ to meet the increased thermal demand; in states of positive energy balance, the 'white' component expands to store excess nutrients; finally, the 'pink' component develops in subcutaneous depots during pregnancy to ensure litter feeding. At the cell level, plasticity is provided not only by stem cell proliferation and differentiation but also, distinctively, by direct transdifferentiation of fully differentiated adipocytes by the stimuli that induce genetic expression reprogramming and through it a change in phenotype and, consequently function. A greater understanding of adipocyte transdifferentiation mechanisms would have the potential to shed light on their biology as well as inspire novel therapeutic strategies against metabolic syndrome (browning) and breast cancer (pinking).

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“…The capillary network is more dense in BAT and adrenergic fibres can be found both in WAT and in BAT, but their density is higher in BAT (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24) .…”

Section: Adipose Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversible physiological transdifferentiation in the adipose organ

Cinti

2009

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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All mammals are provided with two distinct adipose cells, white and brown adipocytes. White adipocytes store lipids to provide fuel to the organism, allowing intervals between meals. Brown adipocytes use lipids to produce heat. Previous descriptions have implied their localization in distinct sites of the body; however, it has been demonstrated that they are present together in many depots, which has led to the new concept of the adipose organ. In order to explain their coexistence the hypothesis of reversible physiological transdifferentiation has been developed, i.e. they are contained together because they are able to convert, one into the other. In effect, if needed the brown component of the organ could increase at the expense of the white component and vice versa. This plasticity is important because the brown phenotype of the organ is associated with resistance to obesity and its related disorders. A new example of reversible physiological transdifferentiation of adipocytes is offered by the mammary gland during pregnancy, lactation and post-lactation stages. The gravidic hormonal stimulus seems to trigger a transdifferentiation of adipocytes into milk-producing and secreting epithelial glands. In the post-lactation period some of the epithelial cells of the mammary gland seem to transdifferentiate into adipocytes. Recent unpublished results suggest that explanted adipose tissue, as well as explanted isolated mature adipocytes, is able to transdifferentiate into glands with epithelial markers of milk-secreting mammary glands. These findings, if confirmed, seem to suggest new windows into the cell biology frontiers of adipocytes.

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Tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide in nerves of rat periovarian adipose tissue: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigation

Cited by 113 publications

References 40 publications

Neural control of white, beige and brown adipocytes

Neural control of white, beige and brown adipocytes

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: White, brown and pink adipocytes: the extraordinary plasticity of the adipose organ

Reversible physiological transdifferentiation in the adipose organ

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