Typical lignocellulosic wastes and by-products for biosorption process in water and wastewater treatment: A critical review

Abstract

Biosorption on lignocellulosic wastes and by-products has been identified as a proper alternative to the existing technologies applied for toxic metal ion and dye removal from wastewater streams. This paper deals with utilization of typical low cost wastes and by-products produced in different food agricultural and agro-industries as biosorbent and reviews the current state of studies on a wide variety of cheap biosorbents in natural and modified forms. The efficiency of each biosorbent has been also discussed with respect to the operating conditions (e.g. temperature, hydraulic residence time, initial metal concentration, biosorbent particle size and its dosage), chemical modification on sorption capacity and preparation methods, as well as thermodynamics and kinetics.

Application of Kenaf Bast Fiber to Adsorb Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) in Aqueous Solution: Single- and Multi-metal Systems

“…Therefore, it is likely to conclude that Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) removal was through complexation mechanism. Abdolali et al (2014) and Singha and Guleria (2014) discussed the possible involvement complexion mechanisms in metal ion adsorption by lignocellulosic materials [11], [56]. …”

“…In choosing the appropriate method, several factors must be taken into consideration such as effectiveness, operational cost and production of toxic by-products [11]. All available techniques were designed in order to meet the standard discharged for wastewater.…”

Lignocellulosic Materials as Dye Adsorbents: Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Congo Red on Brewers’ Spent Grain

“…Modifications include physical modifications (size reduction, heat treatment), chemical modifications (using acids, bases or organic solvents) and pyrolysis. [23] Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is brewery lignocellulosic waste material that accounts for 85 % of the total waste production in the brewery [24] and thus is widely available throughout the year. So far BSG was mostly used as feed or has been landfilled, and its exploitation as a valuable renewable resource has been neglected.…”

Cempedak durian as a potential biosorbent for the removal of Brilliant Green dye from aqueous solution: equilibrium, thermodynamics and kinetics studies

“…However, many of these methods are often expensive, ineffective at low concentration, high reagent use and high energy and often form toxic secondary sludge (Abdolali et al 2014).…”