Typhoid Fever: Tracking the Trend in Nigeria

Akinyemi, Kabiru Olusegun; Oyefolu, A O; Mutiu, Wasiu Bamidele; Iwalokun, BA; Ayeni, Edward Sunday; Ajose, Samuel Oluwasegun; Obaro, Stephen K.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0045

Cited by 39 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…According to a report published in World Health Organization bulletin in 2000, the estimated global incidence of typhoid fever was about 21.6 million and mortality rate was up to 216,000 per year. The highest incidence rate of typhoid fever (more than 100/100,000 cases per year) has been reported in south-central Asia and south-east Asia [3]. In 2008, it was reported that the incidence of typhoid fever is 451/100,000 per year in Pakistan [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Antimicrobial Activity of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts on Salmonella typhi

Olukunle

Adenola

2019

JAMPS

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In the genesis of using plants for treatment of diseases, Garlic and lemon grass were some of the earliest plants that have proven effective. In this study the antimicrobial effect of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) and Allium sativum (garlic) extracts on clinical isolate of Salmonella typhi was examined. Water, ethanol and methanol were used as extraction solvent. Antimicrobial effects of conventional antibiotics was assayed using disc diffusion method while antimicrobial activity of lemon grass and garlic extracts were carried out using agar well diffusion method and the zones of inhibition was measured in millimeter (mm). Comparatively, the highest percentage yield of extract was observed in water extract of garlic (21.83%) and lemon grass (6.67%). Ciprofloxacin and Perfloxacin have the highest zones of inhibition of 19.73±0.24mm and 14.47±0.31mm respectively against the clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi . Two out of the twelve clinical isolate of Salmonella typhi used were multi drug resistant. Lemon grass extracts did not show any antimicrobial effects on the clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi while garlic extracts showed antimicrobial effect at the concentration of 800 mg/ml, water extract of garlic has the highest zone of inhibition (14.00 mm) against the tested isolates. Therefore garlic extract could be used for the formulation of drug and treatment of Salmonella typhi infection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Antimicrobial Activity of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts on Salmonella typhi

Olukunle

Adenola

2019

JAMPS

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“…18 However, a recent report has indicated incidence rates higher than 100 cases per 100 000 persons in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Tanzania and Kenya. 19 A recent study in Nigeria by Akinyemi et al 20 based on blood culture from Widal positive patients between 1993 and 2017, revealed positivity rates of 7% to 18.6% in Lagos, 3.9% to 10.4% in Kano and 0.8% to 2.4% in Abuja. A slight increase in incidence was observed between 2015 and 2017 in Abuja.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A slight increase in incidence was observed between 2015 and 2017 in Abuja. 20 The incidence of typhoid fever in many parts of Nigeria is not very well known. This has been made difficult by the absence of efficient epidemiological surveillance, coupled with poor or non-existent database of infectious diseases.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This has been made difficult by the absence of efficient epidemiological surveillance, coupled with poor or non-existent database of infectious diseases. 20,21 Other contributory factors attributed to the spread of typhoid fever in Nigeria include the absence of adequate human waste processing facilities, abuse of antibiotics, lack of portable drinking water, increase in movement of people and inefficient healthcare delivery systems. 20 Moreover, it is not uncommon to find patients presenting themselves only after patronizing unapproved treatment outlets.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Variation in Salmonella typhi Infection Among Local Populations in Southern Benue, Nigeria

Adikwu¹,

Umeh²,

Iheukwumere³

et al. 2018

Int J Enteric Pathog

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Background Typhoid fever (enteric fever) is caused by Salmonella typhi which is solely a human pathogen with no known animal reservoir. S. typhi is a gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped and facultative anaerobic bacterium. 1 It is a non-spore forming and non-lactose fermenting bacterium. The bacterium is transmitted mainly through consumption of food and water that has been contaminated by faecal matter. 2 Clean water, good hygiene and sanitation are factors that prevent the spread of typhoid. 1,3,4 The incubation period is usually 1-2 weeks, and the duration of the illness is about 3-4 weeks. Symptoms include poor appetite, headaches, generalized aches and pains, fatigue, weakness, fever as high as 103 o to 104 o F (39°C to 40°C), lethargy, diarrhoea and rose coloured spot. 5,6 Salmonella typhi infection begins with colonization of the small intestine, which progresses to the invasion of the gastrointestinal mucosa. The infection then spreads to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. 1,7 The severity of the infection depends on the initial infective dose, virulence and the host's immune response. 8-10 The greatest burden of disease is experienced by infants, children and adolescents (the World Health Organization [WHO] 11 and Crump and Mintz 12). In view of the above, the WHO recognizes this disease as a major public health problem and recommends immunization with Vi polysaccharide vaccine in high-risk areas. 13 Typhoid fever is an endemic disease in tropical and subtropical climates and has become a major public health problem in developing countries, with an estimated annual incidence of 540 cases per 100 000 people, and an estimated 17 million cases worldwide. 11,14 It is often encountered in tropical countries including Nigeria where it constitutes a serious source of morbidity and mortality. 15,16 This stems from poor hygienic environment and inadequate water supply systems which have become

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“…In some areas, the incidence rate occurs among children below 5 years [19]. However, it was estimated in 2010 that typhoid fever caused 26.9 million cases with 217,000 deaths globally [20].…”

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confidence: 99%

Influenza, Malaria parasitaemia and Typhoid fever Coinfection in Children: Seroepidemiologic Investigation in Four Healthcare Centres in Lagos, Nigeria

Anjorin

Babalola

Iyiade

2019

Preprint

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Background : According to WHO, out of about one billion individuals usually infected with influenza virus, children from developing countries account for 99% of deaths due to related infections. There is dearth of clinical-epidemiological information on the trio of influenza, malaria, and typhoid fever co-infection in Nigeria. Similarity of their clinical symptoms coupled with lack of vaccine and all year-round circulation in sub-Saharan Africa cause serious paediatric morbidity and mortality. This study therefore investigated influenza, malaria and typhoid fever coinfection among children in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods : A sero-epidemiologic hospital-based study was designed. Blood from 364 children tested by RDT for malaria HRP-II/pLDH (Accessbio or Medicon BioCheck, USA) and typhoid (CTKBiotech, USA or Omega, UK) were screened by ELISA (Demeditec, Germany) for influenza virus specific IgM antibody. Descriptive statistics was used and p-values were determined with Chi-square. Results : Demographic data showed median age of 3 (mean 3.8, mode 2, range 0-14) years. Out of the 364 samples tested, 76/364 (20.9%) were seropositive for influenza A virus. Of the 76 seropositive patients, 47/76 (61.8%) had malaria parasitaemia, 42/76 (55.3%) had typhoid, and 21/76 (27.6%) were co-infected with malaria parasitaemia and typhoid fever. Furthermore, 2/76 (2.6%) children having underlying health condition of sickle cell anaemia recorded influenza seropositivity. Ojo primary healthcare centre had the highest seroprevalence of 48.7% (37/76), age group 1-4 years recorded the highest seroprevalence of 55.3% (42/76), the highest serologic evidence of 61.8% (47/76) was detected among male children, while fever 27.6% (21/76) was the most common of all the clinical symptoms recorded. Although, the month of March had the highest seroprevalence of 20/76 (26.3%), seropositivity was recorded in all other months considered for this study. Conclusions : We hereby report the first paediatric co-infection of influenza, malaria and typhoid fever with a percentage seroprevalence of 27.6% among all age group round the months. Low co-infection was however recorded in children having sickle cell anaemia. Annual vaccination is strongly recommended for children of all ages in order to prevent co-infection of influenza with other deadly diseases.

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Typhoid Fever: Tracking the Trend in Nigeria

Cited by 39 publications

References 27 publications

Comparative Antimicrobial Activity of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts on Salmonella typhi

Comparative Antimicrobial Activity of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts on Salmonella typhi

Variation in Salmonella typhi Infection Among Local Populations in Southern Benue, Nigeria

Influenza, Malaria parasitaemia and Typhoid fever Coinfection in Children: Seroepidemiologic Investigation in Four Healthcare Centres in Lagos, Nigeria

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