Variation in Salmonella typhi Infection Among Local Populations in Southern Benue, Nigeria

Abstract

Background Typhoid fever (enteric fever) is caused by Salmonella typhi which is solely a human pathogen with no known animal reservoir. S. typhi is a gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped and facultative anaerobic bacterium. 1 It is a non-spore forming and non-lactose fermenting bacterium. The bacterium is transmitted mainly through consumption of food and water that has been contaminated by faecal matter. 2 Clean water, good hygiene and sanitation are factors that prevent the spread of typhoid. 1,3,4 The incubation period is usually 1-2 weeks, and the duration of the illness is about 3-4 weeks. Symptoms include poor appetite, headaches, generalized aches and pains, fatigue, weakness, fever as high as 103 o to 104 o F (39°C to 40°C), lethargy, diarrhoea and rose coloured spot. 5,6 Salmonella typhi infection begins with colonization of the small intestine, which progresses to the invasion of the gastrointestinal mucosa. The infection then spreads to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. 1,7 The severity of the infection depends on the initial infective dose, virulence and the host's immune response. 8-10 The greatest burden of disease is experienced by infants, children and adolescents (the World Health Organization [WHO] 11 and Crump and Mintz 12). In view of the above, the WHO recognizes this disease as a major public health problem and recommends immunization with Vi polysaccharide vaccine in high-risk areas. 13 Typhoid fever is an endemic disease in tropical and subtropical climates and has become a major public health problem in developing countries, with an estimated annual incidence of 540 cases per 100 000 people, and an estimated 17 million cases worldwide. 11,14 It is often encountered in tropical countries including Nigeria where it constitutes a serious source of morbidity and mortality. 15,16 This stems from poor hygienic environment and inadequate water supply systems which have become

Generic Salmonella in Asymptomatic Adult Volunteers: Occurrence, Antibiogram, Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Production and Carbapenem Resistance

“…associated with intestinal and/or extra-intestinal diseases in humans and animals (Crump and Heyderman, 2015;Balasubranamian et al, 2018;Whistler et al, 2018). The sources of these salmonellae in the sampled individuals may be from contaminated food, meat/plant and/or associated products, contaminated water, and/or or human to human transmission since the hygiene of most Nigerians, including those residing in the study area, could generally be considered poor (Akinyemi et al, 2015;Crump and Heyderman, 2015;Adikwu et al, 2018).…”

“…Although most non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections are self-limiting, ABR non-typhoidal salmonellae, the most frequent cause of foodborne illness in humans and animals are associated with 93.8 million cases of invasive gastroenteritis resulting in up to 35% hospitalization and 28% mortality rates per year worldwide while ABR typhoidal salmonellae are associated with 26 million cases with and without fever) is uncontrolled (Akinyemi et al, 2015;Anyanwu et al, 2017;Anibijuwon et al, 2018). Previous treatment with different types of antibacterial agents, including 3GCs and carbapenems, and visitation to hospitals, are factors that facilitate colonization of individuals by ABR salmonellae (Lugito and Cucunawangsi, 2017;Whistler et al, 2018;Adikwu et al, 2018). Animals are also important reservoirs of 3GC-and carbapenemresistant organisms (Crump and Heyderman, 2015;Whistler et al, 2018), and reports showed that these organisms are haboured by livestock in Nigeria (Jajere et al, 2015;Ejikeugwu et al, 2017;Ojo et al, 2018;.…”

“…There is poor environmental sanitation in Ankpa (defeacation in open air is common, poor waste disposal, etc) and majority of persons resident in this town have poor personal hygiene (Adikwu et al, 2018). Consumption of raw and/or undercooked contaminated meat/plant and/or associated products, drinking of contaminated water as well as direct and/or indirect contact with contaminated animal/plant products, infected individual/carrier and/or contaminated formites, are putative risks for acquisition of ABR salmonellae (Crump and Heyderman, 2015;Adikwu et al, 2018). Thus some residents in Ankpa may habour ABR salmonellae, including ESBL-P, multidrug-and/or carbapenem-resistant strains that could jeopardize antimicrobial therapy.…”

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates from urine of students in Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo, Nigeria

“…There are also high cases of drugs of questionable quality in circulation. The easy availability in the community without prescription makes the drug subject to abuse [10]. Knowledge of the local bacterial etiology and susceptibility patterns will be a useful guide in the effective and timely treatment of UTIs.…”

“…Knowledge of the local bacterial etiology and susceptibility patterns will be a useful guide in the effective and timely treatment of UTIs. Antibiotic therapy in the mainstay is the treatment of UTIs but unfortunately the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of the causative organisms has become a major challenge of epidemiological importance [4] [11] [10]. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of uro-pathogens and in vitro susceptibility pattern to commonly used antibiotics among patients in health centres within Ugbokolo, Benue State.…”