Typhoid fever

Abstract

Control of typhoid fever relies on clinical information, diagnosis, and an understanding for the epidemiology of the disease. Despite the breadth of work done so far, much is not known about the biology of this human-adapted bacterial pathogen and the complexity of the disease in endemic areas, especially those in Africa. The main barriers to control are vaccines that are not immunogenic in very young children and the development of multidrug resistance, which threatens efficacy of antimicrobial chemotherapy. Clinicians, microbiologists, and epidemiologists worldwide need to be familiar with shifting trends in enteric fever. This knowledge is crucial, both to control the disease and to manage cases. Additionally, salmonella serovars that cause human infection can change over time and location. In areas of Asia, multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S Typhi) has been the main cause of enteric fever, but now S Typhi is being displaced by infections with drug-resistant S enterica serovar Paratyphi A. New conjugate vaccines are imminent and new treatments have been promised, but the engagement of local medical and public health institutions in endemic areas is needed to allow surveillance and to implement control measures.

Enfoque clínico del síndrome febril agudo en Colombia

“…Su período de incubación tiende a modificarse de acuerdo con la dosis infectante (10 5 a 10 8 UFC) y fluctúa de 3 días a 3 meses, por lo regular con límites de una a 3 semanas. En la gastroenteritis paratifoidea, el tiempo de incubación suele ser de uno a 10 días 34 .…”

“…34 . Aproximadamente 48 h después de la ingesta del alimento o el agua contaminados, se inicia un cuadro de dolor abdominal, acompañado de vómito y diarrea que pueden variar en intensidad y volumen, usualmente en cantidad moderada y acompañados de sangre o moco y tenesmo rectal.…”

“…El exantema rosado, no pruriginoso, en el tronco puede aparecer hasta en el 25% de los infectados. La mortalidad está asociada principalmente al desarrollo de complicaciones gastrointestinales, como la perforación, y hemorragias intestinales y puede ocurrir en el 10% de los casos y ser ≤1% con el inicio inmediato de terapia antibióti-ca 34 . Cerca del 10% de los casos de especies no typhi pueden producir bacteriemia y formas localizadas.…”

Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi and Paratyphi Responsible of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers Transmitted by Environment and Food

“…Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and Paratyphi (S. Paratyphi A, S. Paratyphi B, S. Paratyphi C), the causative agent of typhoid and paratyphoid fever, is transmitted primarily by ingestion of contaminated food and water ; also their are an exclusive human pathogen and the cause of typhoid fever, a major global public health concern (Parry et al, 2002;Raffatellu et al, 2008;Crump and Mintz, 2010;Dougan and Baker, 2014;Wain et al, 2015). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2014), the annual toll of typhoid and paratyphoid fever reaches 20.6 million cases and about 223,000 deaths.…”

Study of Antibacterial Efficacy of Methanolic and Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Scoparia dulcis on Some Human Pathogenic Bacteria

“…S. typhi is causative agent of typhoid (Wain et al, 2015). P. mirabilis is a Gram negative, facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium.…”