Typecasting

Wojcik, Pamela Robertson

doi:10.1353/crt.2004.0005

Cited by 35 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Thus while typecasting may appear to simply reward experience, or be justified in these terms (as in Zuckerman et al’s 2003 study of Hollywood), this more critical definition would insist that typecasting is rooted in the embodied aesthetics of actors. As Wojcik notes, ‘typecasting is a political practice, not only as a labour issue but also as a touchstone for ideologies of identity’ (2003: 226).…”

Section: Typecasting Inequality and The Somatic Normmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance and Resignation: Responses to Typecasting in British Acting

Friedman

O’Brien

2017

Cultural Sociology

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This article draws on 38 in-depth interviews with British actors to explore the operation of typecasting. First, we argue that typecasting acts as the key mechanism through which the 'somatic norm' is established in British acting. It delivers an oversupply of leading roles for white, male, middle-class actors while ensuring that those who deviate somatically are restricted to largely socially caricatured roles. Second, we focus on the career trajectories of 'othered' actors. While they frequently experience acting roles as offensive and discriminatory, we demonstrate how most nonetheless reluctantly accept the terms of their 'type' in order to survive and succeed. Third, we focus on the minority who have attempted to challenge their type. Here we find that successful resistance is accomplished by carefully choosing work that subverts the somatic norm. However, the ability to exercise such choice is highly contingent on resources associated with an actor's class origin.

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Section: Typecasting Inequality and The Somatic Normmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance and Resignation: Responses to Typecasting in British Acting

Friedman

O’Brien

2017

Cultural Sociology

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“…Nomination of whom to hire industry, where it generally refers to the process when an actor becomes strongly identified with a specific character, or characters having similar traits. Among actors, typecasting often has negative connotations as it indicates an actor's limitation or lack of talent (Wojcik, 2003). In this chapter, the concept is based on research on typecasting in labor markets (Zuckerman, 2005), and refers, as stated, to the gatekeeping practice were candidates are valued and evaluated based on how well they fit a certain type outlined in the advertisement, that is, the preferred academic profile.…”

Section: Reviewers' Evaluation Reportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Decision-Making Constraints and Processes of Grant Peer Review, and Their Effects on the Review Outcome

2001

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When distributing grants, research councils use peer expertise as a guarantee for supporting the best projects. However, there are no clear norms for assessments, and there may be a large variation in what criteria reviewers emphasize - and how they are emphasized. The determinants of peer review may therefore be accidental, in the sense that who reviews what research and how reviews are organized may determine outcomes. This paper deals with how the review process affects the outcome of grant review. The case study considers the procedures of The Research Council of Norway, which practises several different grant-review models, and consequently is especially suited for explorations of the implications of different models. Data sources are direct observation of panel meetings, interviews with panel members and study of applications and review documents. A central finding is that rating scales and budget restrictions are more important than review guidelines for the kind of criteria applied by the reviewers. The decision-making methods applied by the review panels when ranking proposals are found to have substantial effects on the outcome. Some ranking methods tend to support uncontroversial and safe projects, whereas other methods give better chances for scholarly pluralism and controversial research.

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“…In Hollywood, this happened not only with actors, but also with directors (e.g., Alfred Hitchcock with suspense films, John Ford with western, and Douglas Sirk with melodrama), or editors (Milton Carruth and Ted Kent with horror movies). Typecasting is part of the film business and is, to a large extent, inescapable insofar is crucial to the institution, enabling brand-naming, and marketing of star commodities (Wojcik, 2004). As a matter of fact, genre innovation was stimulated by relying increasingly on newcomers, or on new combinations of both newcomers and old-timers.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mixing genres and matching people: a study in innovation and team composition in Hollywood

2007

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SummaryThe study of innovation in cultural industries has addressed primarily the role played by organizational and environmental determinants. Research on teams has shown that innovation also depends on team composition and related team-level processes. In this study we develop two hypotheses arguing that the introduction of newcomers, and new combinations of both newcomers and old-timers in teams show positive relationships with innovation. We test our theory in the U.S. feature film industry and consider genre innovation as our measure of innovation. We use data on 6446 motion pictures produced by the Hollywood Majors in the period 1929-1958 for our empirical analysis. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. IntroductionOrganizations' increasing reliance on teams puts forth the question about the relationship between team composition, creativity, and innovation. As defined by previous researchers, creativity is the production of novel and useful ideas in any domain, while innovation is the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization (Amabile, 1988;Woodman, Sawyer, & Griffin, 1993). This relationship is particularly important for the cultural industries, i.e., industries that commingle elements of art and commerce and where artists and managers are both present at the input stages (Hirsch, 2000). Cultural industries generally offer creative goods that are subject to rapid obsolescence and seasonal variation, and whose chances of success are highly ambiguous, uncertain, and contradictory (Hirsch, 1972). In cultural industries, novel and innovative products are thus in great demand, and competition is driven by a search for novelty (Lampel, Lant, & Shamsie, 2000). Moreover, some cultural industries offer complex creative goods, i.e., creative outputs that require teams of diverse skilled and specialized workers, each bringing personal, and many times diverging, tastes with regard to the quality or configuration of the product (Caves, 2000). In cultural industries, managers face different constraints generated by both the economic need of delivering relatively standardized short life products to a volatile market seeking innovation, and by team composition, where members' different artistic values, individual characteristics, and expectations pose constraints in assembling the creative team (Caves, 2000). In this study we investigate how the mixing and matching of new members (newcomers) and experienced members (old-timers) affect innovation.The distinction between newcomers and old-timers is particularly relevant in temporary structures with intended short life spans, where teams and their members continually cycle and recycle (Arthur, 1994). According to March (1991), while newcomers enhance exploration, innovation, and the chances of finding more creative solutions to team problems, old-timers increase exploitation, inertial behavior, and resistance to new solutions. In the cultural industries, where 'consumers need familiarity to understand what they are offered, but they need novelty t...

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Typecasting

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Resistance and Resignation: Responses to Typecasting in British Acting

Resistance and Resignation: Responses to Typecasting in British Acting

The Decision-Making Constraints and Processes of Grant Peer Review, and Their Effects on the Review Outcome

Mixing genres and matching people: a study in innovation and team composition in Hollywood

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