Type II SLAP lesions: A new scoring system— the sulcus score

Hip Damage Occurs at the Zone of Femoroacetabular Impingement

“…Another limitation is the fact that reliability/ reproducibility of grading cartilage and labrum lesions and their extension were not specifically investigated in this study. However, previous studies suggest reasonable kappa or intraclass correlation values for these parameters [4,13,16]. Marx et al [13] found an observed agreement of the Outerbridge classification for grading of articular cartilage during knee arthroscopy of 80% to 94% with an overall accuracy of 68%.…”

“…Similarly, Cameron et al [4] found an average intraobserver kappa coefficient of 0.80 with an average kappa value of 0.72 for interobserver agreement for grading of chondral lesions in knee arthroscopy. Analogously to the clock system of the hip joint, Mihata et al [16] evaluated the distribution of labral tears of the shoulder along the glenoid rim and found a mean intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.77 for intraobserver repeatability and 0.72 for interobserver reproducibility. In all these validation studies, the direct intraoperative visualization and palpation of the defects was used as gold standard.…”

“…The lesions of the labrum and cartilage were assigned numbers correlating with their position. Because the identifications of the quality [4,13] of cartilage and the extent of labrum lesions with the clock system [16] is accurate in other, more complex joints, we did not perform an additional intra/interobserver analysis of these assessments. For this group, no preoperative computer analysis was performed because all patients had been operated before the software had been validated (see ''HipMotion,'' below).…”

Effect of Anterior Capsular Laxity on Horizontal Abduction and Forceful Internal Impingement in a Cadaveric Model of the Throwing Shoulder

“…Anterior-posterior translation was provided by a translation plate. [12][13][14][15] The humeral cylinder was attached along the top arc of the shoulder-testing system. The angle of the arc provides various degrees of shoulder abduction and horizontal abduction.…”

“…The maximal angles of external and internal rotation at 90°of shoulder abduction were measured with 2.2 NÁm of torque applied. [12][13][14][15] Then, a 20% increase in maximal external rotation was achieved by gradually applying external torque for 1 minute and then relaxing for 30 seconds. Once the targeted humeral external rotation was reached, the humerus was secured in this position through a locking clamp for 30 minutes.…”