Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic progressive disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. Previously an adult onset disease, it is now being diagnosed more and more in childhood and adolescence. Lately, Asia has become the epicenter of this epidemic. Childhood T2DM is a new challenge for the pediatrician. Due to similarities in presentation, children may initially be misdiagnosed with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Most oral anti-diabetic agents have not been approved for use in adolescents, and there is a concern for safety of their use. Lifestyle intervention is difficult to conduct, and adherence to recommendations is lower in adolescents than in adults with T2DM. Higher incidence and early onset of co-morbidities, with lack of long term outcomes data make the management problematic. In many communities, due to a shortage of specialists, general practitioners will treat children with T2DM. Guidelines cited in this review are designed to help with the diagnostic process and management.

Juvenile murine models of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes develop neuropathy

“…According to a recent study released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as part of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 15.6% of adolescents in the US are overweight and an additional 14.8% are obese (). Among children and adolescents ranging in age from 5 to 18 years old, obesogenic behaviors (including sedentary behavior, poor diet and physical inactivity) (Avery et al, 2017; Leech et al, 2014, 2015; Santaliestra-Pasías et al, 2015) underlie the increasing prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adolescents, especially among certain racial and ethnic groups (Kao and Sabin, 2016; Marley and Metzger, 2015; Tieh and Dreimane, 2014; Pulgaron and Delamater, 2014; Mayer-Davis et al, 2017). Of the 27,000 participants in The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study (SEARCH), the incidence of type 2 diabetes is as high as 8.9% in youth between 10 and 19 years of age.…”

Risk Factors for TYPE II Diabetes Mellitus: an Integrative Review

“…The Ministry of Health calls attention to the increasing number of cases of T2DM in children and adolescents [10]. This reality is not only Brazilian, but worldwide [14][15].…”

Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em idade pediátrica

“…1 Recentemente, o número de novos casos em crianças e adolescentes tem aumentado significativamente, relacionado com o incremento da obesidade infantil e sedentarismo. [2][3][4][5][6] A sua abordagem constitui um desafio nesta faixa etária, nomeadamente no diagnóstico diferencial com a diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), uma condição mais frequente nas crianças e jovens. 2 A maioria dos casos em idade pediátrica surge na adolescência, relacionada com a insulino-resistência típica da puberdade.…”