Type 2 diabetes in rural and urban population: diverse prevalence and associated risk factors in Bangladesh

Hussain, Akhtar; Rahim, Muhammad Abdur; Khan, Abul Kalam Azad; Ali, Smk; Vaaler, Stein

doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01558.x

Cited by 138 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…The higher prevalence of obesity or diabetes in an urban area compared with a rural area has frequently been reported in developing countries (Al-Nuaim 1997;Singh et al 1998;Sobngwi et al 2002;Hussain et al 2005). One explanation for this may be differences in lifestyle or levels of physical activity, and also a higher prevalence of obesity in urban areas is noted as a reason for the higher prevalence of diabetes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Low Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Rural Japan

Morimoto

Nishimura

Suzuki

et al. 2008

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Tsunan, Niigata is a non-westernized rural Japanese town, known for heavy snowfalls and as a rice-producing area, whose inhabitants have a long life expectancy. We investigated the prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in Tsunan. A total of 1,155 men and women, 40-69 years of age were recruited from participants in the 2005 public-health program in Tsunan. Obesity was defined as body-mass index (BMI) 25 kg/m 2 . MetS was defined as BMI 25 kg/m 2 as well as at least two of the following three items: (1) high glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c 5.5%); (2) high blood pressure (HBP: systolic blood pressure 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure 85 mmHg), and (3) low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C < 40 mg/dL). If an individual was diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia, each item was recorded as a positive finding. The prevalence of MetS and its components among Tsunan inhabitants were compared to the results of the 2005 Japanese nationwide survey. The prevalence of MetS was 4.6% in males and 4.2% in females. The prevalence of obesity, high HbA1c, HBP, and low HDL-C were 22.1/22.2%, 13.4/16.4%, 46.6/40.0%, and 9.2/3.9% in males/ females, respectively. All values were significantly lower than the national results, except for the rate of female obesity. The lower prevalence of MetS and its components in Tsunan may be due to the consumption of traditional Japanese food, which is still commonly eaten there, and the higher levels of regular physical activity of farmers. metabolic syndrome; risk factors; obesity; Japanese; rural area. Tohoku

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Low Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Rural Japan

Morimoto

Nishimura

Suzuki

et al. 2008

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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“…21 The mean age of our subjects was 51.93 ± 6.33 years, which may confirm that the diabetes population in this part of the world is relatively young compared to the West. 21,28,29 It was observed in this study that the advanced age and longer duration of diabetes were important and significant risk factors for peripheral neuropathy. These results were consistent with findings of other studies.…”

Section: Hba 1c Categories (%)mentioning

confidence: 87%

Evaluation of Different HbA1c Levels to Assess the Risk of Peripheral Neuropathy Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Along With Other Conventional Risk Factors

Hoque¹,

Muttalib

Islam³

et al. 2017

Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull

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This cross sectional study was carried out in the outpatient department of Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Bangladesh (BIRDEM) General Hospital, Dhaka, to explore the factors influencing or related to the development of the diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) with specific concern to the HbA1c levels. A total of 400 patients with type 2 diabetic were selected to collect information on sociodemographic, blood pressure, anthropometry and lipid profile. Glycaemic status was assessed by HbA1c and plasma glucose levels. Prevalence of DPN was 16.8%, with male 10.8% and female 20.9%. Increased HbA1c categories above 7.0% were significantly associated with increased prevalence of DPN (9.2 Vs. 10.5 Vs 26.5%; χ 2 = 19.446, p = .000). Logistic regression models showed that the risk of DPN was strongly increased at the HbA1c categories ≥8% (OR = 3.57; 95% CI: 1.75-7.26). Advanced age (OR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.12-3.47), longer duration of diabetes (OR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.02-3.19), lacking of physical exercise (OR = 2.60; 95% CI: 1.47-4.58), female gender (OR = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.21-3.89), fasting blood glucose (OR = 1.153; 95% CI: 1.058-1.255) and blood glucose 2 hours after breakfast (OR = 1.096; 95% CI: 1.029-1.168) were significant risk factors of DPN. However, there is need of a large scale community based prospective study to validate the results.

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“…This study was part of a large longitudinal epidemiological study on diabetes in rural Bangladesh which has been described previously (4). The only inclusion criteria were: ≥20 years of age, willing to participate, and being able to communicate.…”

Section: Methods and Procedures Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retracted: In Bangladesh, overweight individuals have fewer symptoms of depression than nonoverweight individuals

Asghar

Magnússon

Khan

et al. 2010

Obesity

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IntroductIonSeveral studies have found high rates of depression in populations of clinically overweight and obese people. This relationship has also been found in community studies where a high BMI and depression have been associated. The association between BMI and depressive symptoms has been so frequently reported in various samples that it has been suggested that there might be an intrinsic biological link that predisposes to both of these conditions (1). For instance, similar dysregulations of an array of hormones, neurotransmitters and physiological functions have been found in obesity and depression. Despite this convincing evidence, one cannot exclude other, nonbiological explanations for this association; for instance, depressed individuals may have impaired exercise or dietary habits. But importantly, overweight individuals are stigmatized in most western societies, which might predispose to depression. Most of the studies on the association between overweight and depression have been carried out in western societies, but a study from Hong Kong found that both obese elderly men and women were less likely to suffer from depressive symptoms than were those of normal weight (2).In some societies, a plump body stature may be regarded as a sign of good health, and perhaps of wealth and social status. As mood has been shown to be influenced by social, psychological, and cultural factors (3), it is possible that the association between overweight and depression may vary between societies with differing attitudes toward overweight. The aim of this study was to examine whether the association between obesity and depression found in western societies would also be found in locations where obesity is not stigmatized. Methods and Procedures ParticipantsSeventy percent of the Bangladeshi population resides in rural areas. This study was part of a large longitudinal epidemiological study on diabetes in rural Bangladesh which has been described previously (4). The only inclusion criteria were: ≥20 years of age, willing to participate, and being able to communicate. The exclusion criteria were: acute or chronic cardiac, renal or hepatic illness, and pregnancy. For the present study, 1,000 individuals were randomly selected from 10 villages in a rural area ~40 km north of Dhaka city (4). Of these, 768 (77%) agreed to participate. In addition, all of the diabetic patients previously identified from the epidemiological screening, 271 individuals, were asked to participate in the assessment of depression; 184 of these (75%) were willing to participate. A total of 952 subjects participated giving a response rate of 75-77%. The study was conducted in 2004.As ~70% of the adult population in Bangladesh is illiterate, verbal consent was obtained from each individual prior to inclusion in the study to avoid selection bias by literacy. The participants were also verbally informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any stage, or to restrict their data from the analysis. After verbal information, The aim of this study wa...

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Type 2 diabetes in rural and urban population: diverse prevalence and associated risk factors in Bangladesh

Abstract: A higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the urban population was observed compared with rural subjects despite similar body mass indexes (BMI). Differences in obesity, waist/hip ratio or hypertension failed to explain the increasing occurrence of T2DM in the urban population.

Cited by 138 publications

References 27 publications

Low Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Rural Japan

Low Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Rural Japan

Evaluation of Different HbA1c Levels to Assess the Risk of Peripheral Neuropathy Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Along With Other Conventional Risk Factors

Retracted: In Bangladesh, overweight individuals have fewer symptoms of depression than nonoverweight individuals

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