Two statistical models for radar terrain return

Phenomenological Theory of Radar Targets

“…The early work of Gent [ 15 ] is exceptional because he also discusses distributions of single targets. Statistical models for terrain are given by Spetner and Katz [ 29 ] .…”

Wavelength dependence of the radar reflectivity of the Earth and the Moon

“…The concept of a multifrequency or 'polychromatic' radar grew out of theoretical considerations [Spetner and Katz, 1960] In the theoretical study it was predicted that the radar cross section would vary inversely with transmitted wavelength, i.e., -o --kX a, and that the slope of the curve would vary directly with the number of scatterers per unit area of surface; -o is the normalized radar cross section, k a proportionality constant, and X the wavelength. The value of a varied between --2 and --6; isotropic scatterers and facet-like specular scatterers yielded almost the same range of values for the exponent.…”

A survey of lunar geology, 10 January through 10 June, 1966

“…Theoretical considerations of the variation in cross section have been reported by Spetner Oi and Katz [111] in which they predict an inverse relation of the form a -kX . A range of a from -6 to -2 was predicted for both isotropic scatterers and facet-like specular reflectors.…”

“…Echoes are returned only from those facets which are properly oriented (perpendicular to the line of sight). Both the orientation and size of these facets are then described statistically by a probability law [111,[118][119][120][121]. In the alternative approach the lunar surface is normally described in terms of a Gaussian autocorrelation function of height vs. horizontal distance.…”