Two‐stage kinetic analysis of fragrance evaporation and absorption from skin

Abstract

Human in vivo fragrance evaporation data from a previously published study are reanalysed in terms of compartmental pharmacokinetic models in which the microscopic rate constants are functions of the physicochemical properties of the fragrance components. According to the proposed analysis, which is restricted to low doses, absorption and evaporation of each component are first-order processes occurring from either the skin (one-compartment model) or the skin and a more rapidly depleted vehicle layer (two-compartment models). Evaporation rates of ingredients from a 12-component mixture containing a musk fixative followed single exponential decays that were well described by the one-compartment model. An otherwise identical mixture without fixative yielded evaporation rates that could be characterized as biexponential decays associated with loss from two compartments. This result shows that ingredient interactions qualitatively and quantitatively change evaporation rate profiles of fragrance components; however, an attempt to account for these interactions explicitly by means of activity coefficients inserted as multipliers for the microscopic rate constants was unsuccessful. Re-examination of this approach in the context of a diffusion/evaporation model is suggested. The developed models have potential utility for dermal risk assessment and for prediction of aroma evolution following topical application of complex fragrances.

Quantitative patch and repeated open application testing in hydroxyisohexyl 3‐cyclohexene carboxaldehyde sensitive‐patients

“…This is supported by another experimental study, in which was shown that skin penetration of HICC was enhanced under occlusion by a factor of >3 (27). In comparison, evaporation from other, unoccluded sites may go along with a lesser sensitization or elicitation risk (28, 29).…”

Quantum Calculation for Musk Molecules Infrared Spectra towards the Understanding of Odor

“…Musks are responsible for bringing sensuality and warmth to a fragrance [1], as well as adding their excellent fixative properties [2,3]. Presently, natural products extraction involves high costs and generates small amounts of raw material, so synthetic odorants are greatly demanded.…”

“…where the difference established between experimental and theoretical values was plotted (for both GGA/PW91 and B3LYP results), as shown in (2). In such equation, for a certain mode , the difference (DIFF) is obtained through the subtraction of its theoretical value (TheoWavenumber) from its experimental value (ExpWavenumber).…”

Effect of limonene on anaerobic digestion of citrus waste and pretreatments for its improvement

“…The major components reflect the biological properties of essential oils, but their activity, for example the cell penetration, hydrophobicity and fixation on membranes, can be modulated by the minor components (Bakkali et al, 2008;. The composition of CEO results in interactions between the components that both qualitatively and quantitatively change their evaporation rates (Saiyasombati and Kasting, 2003).…”

“…A parallel effect is the evaporation of the components of essential oils, which occurs more rapidly at higher temperatures. It is known that the antimicrobial effects of essential oils decrease over time-in a matter of hours-due to evaporation (Droby et al, 2008;Inouye et al, 2003;Saiyasombati and Kasting, 2003).…”