Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence of a Conjugated Polyelectrolyte and Its Application in Cell Imaging

Parthasarathy, Anand; Ahn, Hyo-Yang; Belfield, Kevin D.; Schanze, Kirk S.

doi:10.1021/am100784m

Cited by 46 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The remarkable optical properties and low cytotoxicity of the PPE based CPEs make them a promising material for imaging, [23] cellular protein recognition, [24] cell types detection and differentiation, [13,25] and gene delivery applications [26] . Moreover, poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE)‐type CPEs exhibit two‐photon absorption that allows their application for two‐photon fluorescence imaging of mammalian cells [27,28] . Despite their interesting fluorescence imaging properties, an expanded study to understand the effect of CPE structure on cell imaging has not been performed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescence Imaging of Mammalian Cells with Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes

et al. 2020

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Fluorescence imaging using poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) based conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) has garnered considerable attention in the recent past due to their remarkable photophysical properties. In this report, we studied the fluorescence imaging properties of a set of six PPE‐based CPEs appended with side chains varying in structure and number of cationic charges. The photophysical and aggregation features of the CPEs depend on the overall charge density on the polymer in water. The cytotoxicity of the CPEs was evaluated against MCF‐7 mammalian cells, which revealed that polyelectrolytes with less cationic charge are less cytotoxic and vice versa. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) studies showed that all the CPEs could efficiently penetrate into the MCF‐7 cells after 10 h of incubation. The transit of CPEs into the lysosomes was confirmed by comparison with the uptake of LysoTracker Red DND‐99 dye, which also revealed that the polyelectrolytes are highly photostable. We also demonstrated that the imidazolium‐functionalized CPEs could selectively stain bacteria over mammalian cells, suggesting the importance of CPEs for clinical applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescence Imaging of Mammalian Cells with Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes

et al. 2020

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“…29−33 In contrast with quantum dots or organic fluorescent dyes, they have been proven to be long-term probes for intracellular twophoton imaging because of their low cytotoxicity and excellent photostability. 30,34 Among them, conjugated oligomers with two-photon absorption, which displayed fascinating merits including tiny size, small interference to biological systems, and easy synthesis, are especially conducive to the practical application of two-photon imaging and PDT. 31,35−38 However, many conjugated oligomers always suffer from poor water solubility or the lack of an active targeting function, tremendously restricting their biological applications.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excellent photosensitizers, which can produce both fluorescence and singlet oxygen effectively under two-photon laser irradiation, are a very important premise for two-photon imaging-guided PDT . Organic conjugated materials with expanded π-conjugated systems have been employed as effective two-photon imaging and therapeutic agents. − In contrast with quantum dots or organic fluorescent dyes, they have been proven to be long-term probes for intracellular two-photon imaging because of their low cytotoxicity and excellent photostability. , Among them, conjugated oligomers with two-photon absorption, which displayed fascinating merits including tiny size, small interference to biological systems, and easy synthesis, are especially conducive to the practical application of two-photon imaging and PDT. ,− However, many conjugated oligomers always suffer from poor water solubility or the lack of an active targeting function, tremendously restricting their biological applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles Based on a Conjugated Oligomer Photosensitizer: Target-Specific Two-Photon Imaging, Redox-Sensitive Drug Delivery, and Synergistic Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy

Huang

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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Self-assembled hyaluronic acid (HA) nanoparticles have been extensively investigated as anticancer therapeutic agents due to the biocompatibility, biodegradability, and active targeting characteristics of HA. However, many HA nanoparticles are restricted to the applications in drug delivery for chemotherapy or lack effective imaging agents. Hence, we developed the camptothecin (CPT)-loaded HA-SS-BFVPBT nanoparticles (HSBNPs) as a multifunctional platform for two-photon imaging and synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy at the same time. A novel conjugated oligomer photosensitizer, BFVPBT, which was conjugated onto HA through the redox-responsive disulfide linkage (SS), could not only provide a hydrophobic domain for the formation of nanoparticles and drug entrapment but also act as a two-photon photosensitizer that can be directly excited and simultaneously used in two-photon imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT). HeLa cells overexpressing the HA receptor (CD44) were used for in vitro studies, which proved the specific cellular uptake of CPT-loaded HSBNPs and excellent two-photon PDT/chemotherapy synergistic effect. The nanoparticles have also been shown to realize tumor-targeting in vivo imaging in HeLa-tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, the fluorescence of CPT-loaded HSBNPs could be activated due to the degradation by the reductive glutathione (GSH) and overexpressed hyaluronidases (Hyal-1) in cancer cells, and the intracellular drug release rate was quickened, thus improving the probability of precise cancer diagnosis and therapy. Accordingly, this HSBNPs system is also anticipated to be a precise nanocarrier for other imaging and therapeutic agents besides CPT, offering a promising new avenue for imaging-guided efficient cancer therapy.

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“…Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) comprised of π‐electron delocalized backbones and water‐soluble side chains have demonstrated great potential applications in chemical and biological sensing of various analytes including proteins, enzymes, DNA, and metal ions . Owing to their prominent properties, such as high photobleaching resistance, excellent aqueous stability and good biocompatibility, CPEs have been further explored as promising light‐activated cellular probes for bioimaging . By taking advantage of the electrostatic interaction between CPEs and oppositely charged cells, fluorescent CPEs can easily enter cells for long‐term tracking of activities in cells, such as apoptotic process, or generate reactive oxygen species to kill cancer cells .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A water‐soluble, AIE‐active polyelectrolyte for conventional and fluorescence lifetime imaging of mouse neuroblastoma neuro‐2A cells

Wang

Yao

Zhou

et al. 2018

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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A new conjugated polyelectrolyte containing tetraphenylethene units in the backbone is synthesized and characterized. This polyelectrolyte is water-soluble and exhibits aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behavior. It is biocompatible and can be directly used in conventional and fluorescence lifetime imaging of mouse neuroblastoma neuro-2A cells, providing useful information of cellular morphology and intracellular aggregation or motion.

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Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence of a Conjugated Polyelectrolyte and Its Application in Cell Imaging

Cited by 46 publications

References 37 publications

Fluorescence Imaging of Mammalian Cells with Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes

Fluorescence Imaging of Mammalian Cells with Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes

Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles Based on a Conjugated Oligomer Photosensitizer: Target-Specific Two-Photon Imaging, Redox-Sensitive Drug Delivery, and Synergistic Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy

A water‐soluble, AIE‐active polyelectrolyte for conventional and fluorescence lifetime imaging of mouse neuroblastoma neuro‐2A cells

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