Two novel Venturia inaequalis genes induced upon morphogenetic differentiation during infection and in vitro growth on cellophane

Genetic mapping of 14 avirulence genes in an EU-B04×1639 progeny of Venturia inaequalis

“…The findings also suggest that the gene-for-gene relationships in the V. inaequalis-Malus pathosystem are more complex than assumed to date and hence provide a model system of great interest for understanding host-pathogen interactions. None of the Avrs identified in V. inaequalis has been cloned successfully to date (Broggini et al, 2007), but studies on the primary function of such effectors have been initiated (Win et al, 2003;Kucheryava et al, 2008;Bowen et al, 2009). The research presented here represents an important step in the description of the genetic organization and linkage of these genes, as a starting point for their identification and subsequent cloning.…”

“…In order to study the host durability of disease resistance, it is necessary to understand pathogen fitness penalties by isolating Avrs and unraveling their primary function (e.g. Bowen et al, 2009;Kucheryava et al, 2008 in V. inaequalis). One step on the pathway to identify these genes is by understanding their genomic organization, which commenced with phenotypic maps linking avirulence and physical traits (Williams and Shay, 1957).…”

Effect of 4% glycerol and low aeration on result of expression in <i>Escherichia coli</i> of Cin3 and three <i>Venturia inaequalis</i> EST’s recombinant proteins

“…Once the cuticle has been breached, the fungal hyphae grow between the inner cuticle surface and the epidermal cell wall. At this time the hyphae differentiate, producing a specialized body called a stroma that is made up of single or multiple layers of pseudoparenchyma, a laterally dividing cell-type which is distinct from the usual tubular form of hyphal growth [1,2]. During the apple growing season, conidiophores are produced from the stromata through the perforated cuticle and are associated with the development of scab lesions.…”

“…Differentiation of sub-cuticular hyphae and stromata can be simulated by growing V. inaequalis in vitro on cellophane discs [2]. V. inaequalis penetrates and forms stromata within the cellophane.…”

“…Two novel genes, cin1 (EU189192) and cin3 (EU189193), were found to be differentially expressed in the cellophane library. Full-length versions of these genes were found in an expressed sequence tag library from apple leaves infected with V. inaequalis, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated that these genes were up-regulated over 1000-fold during the early stages of infection compared with in vitro growth [2]. The genes encode putative secreted proteins with imperfect repeated domains.…”