Two novel reassortants of avian influenza A (H5N6) virus in China

Bi, Yang; M, Kun; Shi, Weifeng; Liu, Di; Yu, Xiaohui; Gao, Zhimin; Zhao, Lihua; Gao, George F.; Chen, Jianjun; Chen, Quanjiao

doi:10.1099/vir.0.000056

Cited by 89 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The practice of backyard farming is gradually disappearing and being replaced by regular poultry farms, in which chickens are raised in closed henhouses. However, a slowdown in the emergence of novel AIV reassortants in China has not yet been observed, as evidenced by the presence of novel H7N9, H10N8, and H5N6 AIVs in LPMs and H5N6 in poultry farms (6,9,13). LAMs or LPMs are able to provide ample opportunities for wild aquatic birds, domestic poultry, mammals, and humans to closely interact and potentially share influenza pathogens, resulting in the emergence of novel viruses ( Fig.…”

Section: Potential Reasons Behind the Emergence Of Divergent Aiv Reasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, H5 viruses from clade 2.3.4.6 (recently redefined as clade 2.3.4.4) appear to gradually be replacing viruses from clade 2.3.4.2, especially in waterfowl. It seems troubling that novel H5N5, H5N8, H5N2, and H5N6 reassortants bearing the genetic backbone of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N1 variants have been undergoing reassortment with H3, H5, H6, H7, H9, and H11 AIVs, and these novel viruses are becoming increasingly prevalent in domestic birds (9,10) (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Genetic Evolution Of Aivs In Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, only four mutations in the HA antigen (H110Y, T160A, Q226L, and G228S in A/Indonesia/5/2005 virus or N158D, N224K, Q226L, and T318I in A/Vietnam/1203/2004 virus) is required to increase the preference of AIVs for humantype receptors (sialic acid [SA] ␣2,6-Gal) and result in a mutant H5N1 virus that is readily transmissible in ferrets (19). The T160A mutation has already been identified in some natural H5 isolates (9,20). The presence of amino acids N701 and A160 in PB2 and HA, respectively, also enhances the efficient transmission of H5 AIVs in mammals (20).…”

Section: Determinants Of Transmissibility For Aivsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology, Evolution, and Recent Outbreaks of Avian Influenza Virus in China

Wong

et al. 2015

J Virol

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f Novel reassortants of H7N9, H10N8, and H5N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are currently circulating in China's poultry flocks, occasionally infecting humans and other mammals. Combined with the sometimes enzootic H5N1 and H9N2 strains, this cauldron of genetically diverse AIVs pose significant risks to public health. Here, we review the epidemiology, evolution, and recent outbreaks of AIVs in China, discuss reasons behind the recent increase in the emergence of novel AIVs, and identify warning signs which may point to the emergence of a potentially virulent and highly transmissible AIV to humans. This review will be useful to authorities who consider options for the detection and control of AIV transmission in animals and humans, with the goal of preventing future epidemics and pandemics.

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Section: Potential Reasons Behind the Emergence Of Divergent Aiv Reasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Genetic Evolution Of Aivs In Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Determinants Of Transmissibility For Aivsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology, Evolution, and Recent Outbreaks of Avian Influenza Virus in China

Wong

et al. 2015

J Virol

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172

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“…Avian H5N6 influenza virus was first isolated from mallards in North America in 1975 (5). In China, H5N6 virus first emerged in 2010 and has since been extensively circulating in both domestic and wild birds (6)(7)(8)(9). Recent surveillance data from the Ministry of Agriculture of China indicate that H5N6 viruses have become enzootic in domestic poultry.…”

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confidence: 99%

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N6 Viruses Exhibit Enhanced Affinity for Human Type Sialic Acid Receptor and In-Contact Transmission in Model Ferrets

Sun

Wei

et al. 2016

J Virol

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Since May 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 virus has been reported to cause six severe human infections three of which were fatal. The biological properties of this subtype, in particular its relative pathogenicity and transmissibility in mammals, are not known. We characterized the virus receptor-binding affinity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility in mice and ferrets of four H5N6 isolates derived from waterfowl in China from 2013-2014. All four H5N6 viruses have acquired a binding affinity for human-like SA␣2,6Gal-linked receptor to be able to attach to human tracheal epithelial and alveolar cells. The emergent H5N6 viruses, which share high sequence similarity with the human isolate A/Guangzhou/39715/2014 (H5N6), were fully infective and highly transmissible by direct contact in ferrets but showed less-severe pathogenicity than the parental H5N1 virus. The present results highlight the threat of emergent H5N6 viruses to poultry and human health and the need to closely track their continual adaptation in humans. O n 7 May 2014, the Chinese National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC) announced the first human case of avian H5N6 influenza virus infection (1). Subsequently, three more human infections with H5N6 virus cases were reported in the winter of 2014-2015 (2, 3). Between 30 December 2015 and 2 January 2016, the NHFPC notified the World Health Organization of two additional human cases of avian H5N6 virus infection. All six human infections were presented as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of which three were fatal. Five cases had a common history of contact with or exposure to poultry or livebird markets before disease onset (1-3), suggesting zoonotic transmission. Sequence analyses of the human H5N6 isolates indicated that the virus was derived from clade 2.3.4.4 avian H5N6 viruses that are circulating in poultry in China (1, 2, 4). Avian H5N6 influenza virus was first isolated from mallards in North America in 1975 (5). In China, H5N6 virus first emerged in 2010 and has since been extensively circulating in both domestic and wild birds (6-9). Recent surveillance data from the Ministry of Agriculture of China indicate that H5N6 viruses have become enzootic in domestic poultry. Unlike the worldwide distribution H5N2 and H5N8 viruses (10-12), prevailing H5N6 viruses appear to be largely confined to China and Laos (13). We recently characterized the novel H5N6 viruses in poultry (14); however, their zoonotic capability and characteristics are poorly understood. In the present study, we examined the emergent H5N6 virus for its genetic characteristics, receptor binding properties, pathogenicity, and transmissibility in mice and ferrets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethical

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“…Based on the genetic evidence, HPAI H5N6 virus likely originated from migratory waterfowl (14). Further reassortment with other avian influenza viruses generated multiple genotypes of HPAI H5N6 viruses (15)(16)(17)(18)(19). The origins and mechanisms of dissemination of the HPAI H5N6 viruses remain to be fully elucidated, and this information is urgently needed for the development of effective disease control and prevention strategies.…”

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confidence: 99%