Two Minute Clinical Test for Measurement of Intellectual Impairment in Psychiatric Disorders

Hayman, Max

doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1942.02290030112010

Cited by 82 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…A modified computerised version of the Serial Sevens test was utilised. The original verbal Serial Sevens test (Hayman, 1942) has appeared in a number of forms, including as part of the Mini-Mental State Examination (Folstein et al, 1975). It has been used to assess cognitive impairment during hypoglycaemia (e.g.…”

Section: Cognitive and Mood Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute cognitive effects of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract complexed with phosphatidylserine

Kennedy

Haskell

Mauri

et al. 2007

Human Psychopharmacology

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Recent data suggest that the complexation of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) with soy-derived phospholipids enhances the bioavailability of GBE's active components. The current study therefore aimed to assess the comparative cognitive and mood effects of a low dose of GBE and products complexing the same extract with either phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylcholine. The study utilised a placebo-controlled, multi-dose, double-blind, balanced-crossover design. Twenty-eight healthy young participants received 120 mg GBE, 120 mg GBE complexed with phosphatidylserine (Virtiva), 120 mg GBE complexed with phosphatidylcholine and a matching placebo, on separate days 7 days apart. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerised test battery and Serial Subtraction tasks immediately prior to dosing and at 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 h thereafter. The primary outcome measures were the four aspects of cognitive performance, which have previously been derived by factor analysis of CDR subtests. Levels of terpenoids (bilobalide, ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B) were concomitantly assessed in plasma samples taken pre-dose and at 3 and 6.5 h post-dose.In keeping with previous research utilising the same methodology, 120 mg of GBE was not associated with markedly improved performance on the primary outcomes. However, administration of GBE complexed with phosphatidylserine resulted both in improved secondary memory performance and significantly increased speed of memory task performance across all of the post-dose testing sessions. Enhancement following GBE complexed with phosphatidylcholine was restricted to a modest improvement in secondary memory performance which was restricted to one post-dose time point. All three treatments were associated with improved calmness. There were no significant differences in post-dose levels of terpenoids between the Ginkgo containing treatments, although this latter finding may be attributable to methodological factors. Complexation with phosphatidylserine appears to potentiate the cognitive effects associated with a low dose of GBE. Further research is required to identify whether this effect is due to the complexation of the extracts, their mere combination, or the separate psychopharmacological actions of the two extracts.

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Section: Cognitive and Mood Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute cognitive effects of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract complexed with phosphatidylserine

Kennedy

Haskell

Mauri

et al. 2007

Human Psychopharmacology

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“…Hence, to control for this risk, patients were asked instead to attend to their tinnitus in the control condition to minimize the risk of some subjects attending to their tinnitus and some engaging in distraction. There were two counterbalanced conditions in the PET camera: (1) at rest while concentrating on tinnitus (baseline) and (2) while performing the 'serial sevens test' [Hayman, 1942;Smith, 1967], i.e. when counting backward in increments of 7 from a starting number (e.g., 980), as correct and fast as possible (cognitive distraction).…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, none of the published studies manipulated attention. Since attentional manipulations, using for example the 'serial sevens subtraction test' [Hayman, 1942], have resulted in decreased activation (e.g., blood flow) of auditory regions in the brain [Ghatan et al, 1998], we wanted to test if the 'serial sevens test' could alter cortical activity as measured by regional cerebral blood flow in persons with tinnitus. While the two experiments reported in this paper are different they both address the question of suppression of tinnitus-related cognitive activity and the consequences of distraction versus attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of Suppressing Thoughts about Tinnitus and the Effects of Cognitive Distraction on Brain Activity in Tinnitus Patients

et al. 2006

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Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of any appropriate external stimulus. Based on the clinical observation that tinnitus patients may distract themselves from their sounds, we performed an experimental test on the effects of suppressing thoughts about tinnitus with 45 tinnitus patients, to systematically evaluate the immediate consequences of suppressing thought vs. attending to tinnitus. Suppression instructions tended to lead to a subsequent decrease in tinnitus-related thoughts, whereas attention to tinnitus resulted in an increase in such thoughts. No effects were seen in a control group who neither suppressed nor attended to their tinnitus. In an independent positron emission tomography study of cerebral blood flow with 8 patients we found that silent backward counting (‘serial sevens test’) led to a decrease in neural activity in auditory cortex, as well as perceived decrease of tinnitus loudness and annoyance. Thus, distraction that altered the tinnitus experience seemed to attenuate auditory cortex activity.

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“…iii. Modified version of the serial sevens test: evaluated workingmemory performance (Hayman 1942). Participants were required to compute a running subtraction of 7, starting from 100.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation into the significance of task difficulty and divided allocation of resources on the glucose memory facilitation effect

et al. 2002

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Two Minute Clinical Test for Measurement of Intellectual Impairment in Psychiatric Disorders

Cited by 82 publications

References 8 publications

Acute cognitive effects of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract complexed with phosphatidylserine

Acute cognitive effects of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract complexed with phosphatidylserine

Consequences of Suppressing Thoughts about Tinnitus and the Effects of Cognitive Distraction on Brain Activity in Tinnitus Patients

Investigation into the significance of task difficulty and divided allocation of resources on the glucose memory facilitation effect

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