Two Methods of Studying Stranger Reactivity in Infants: A Review

Horner, Thomas M.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1980.tb01796.x

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…This conclusion needs to be considered in the context of the methodology employed. With the infant in the high chair, the encounter was somewhat 'stranger-controlled' (Horner, 1980), but nevertheless the stranger's behaviour was reasonably natural; sjhe was able to time the approach as desired, smile when appropriate, choose toys as appropriate, and generally respond contingently to the infant's signals and behaviour. The range of behaviour shown by the strangers varied significantly (Table I), and their range in height, age and appearance was considerable (Table 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondly, the context of the encounter has a great deal of influence on the balance of positive and negative responses. Situations in which the infant controls the pace and direction of the encounter tend to bring out positive behaviours, whereas if the encounter is stranger controlled then negative behaviours on the part of the infant are much more likely (Horner, 1980;Levitt, 1980;Bretherton et al, 1981). Another important environmental context is the social referencing which may be provided by mother or attachment figure to the infant (Feinman, 1982;Feiring et al, 1984).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Individual consistency in infant‐stranger encounters

Smith¹,

Sloboda

1986

British J of Dev Psycho

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The consistency of infant wariness to strangers was examined by arranging for each of eight infants to experience two encounters with each of eight strangers. The encounters were filmed and scored. The behaviour of the infants varied from predominantly positive to predominantly negative, but was significantly consistent across strangers, for individual infants. This consistency was present for measures of both positive and negative affect, and was taken as supportive of the ‘wariness of strangers’ construct. Male strangers produced significantly more negative affect in infants than female strangers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual consistency in infant‐stranger encounters

Smith¹,

Sloboda

1986

British J of Dev Psycho

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“…Dans la Situation Personne, l'etrangere, une adulte, avait re~u instruction de rester assise tranquillement par terre, sans quitter sa position ni intervenir, laissant a ! 'enfant le contrl'>le de la situation (Homer 1980); elle devait toutefois repondre aux initiatives de ! 'enfant de maniere naturelle et semi-standardisee, de fa~on A ce que 1" etrangete' ('strangeness') de la personne etrangere ne soit pas accentuee (Rheingold et Eckerman 1973;Solomon-Shaffran et Gouin Decarie 1967).…”

Section: Situations Experimentales Materiel Deroulementunclassified

Les Conduites Sociales Chez Des Enfants ‘Audacieux’ De 9–10 Mois*

Cossette-Ricard

1989

Int J Psychol

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Among 38 infants of 9–10 months who were exposed to a strange person on the one hand, and to a novel inanimate object on the other hand, 17 left their mother and came near the stimulus in both situations. This study focuses on these 17 ‘bold’ infants, whose behaviors (place‐shifts, looks, smiles, vocalizations, manipulations, contacts with mother) were compared from one situation to another (person/object), and also, within each situation, on their being emitted either near the stimulus or away from it (proximity/distance). Such comparisons showed that although these infants acted in almost the same way when they were close to the person or to the object, many aspects of their behavior nevertheless differed clearly from one situation to the other. With the object, the approach was immediate and the contact was a proximal one. With the person, on the other hand, the approach was delayed, and keeping a certain distance seemed essential to the establishment of the relation: it was mainly from afar that the infants communicated with the stranger, through behaviors that were well adapted to social interactions (looks and smiles). These results were interpreted as indicating that children of this age can truly understand the distinctive nature of social and nonsocial situations, and use the appropriate familiarization strategy required by these two types of situations.

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“…The main issues addressed have been age at onset of stranger wariness, normative developmental changes during the rst year and a half, and effects of different contextual factors on stranger reactions (e.g. Bronson, 1972;Horner, 1980;Ortiz Baron, 1993;Schaffer, 1966;Skarin, 1977).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Early temperament and stranger wariness as predictors of social inhibition in 2‐year‐olds

Andersson

Bohlin

Hageküll

1999

British J of Dev Psycho

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Forty‐five infants were followed from age 5 months to 25 months with the aim of studying the stranger wariness phenomenon from a temperamental perspective. Observations and heart rate reactions in a standardized situation of stranger approach, as well as maternal ratings of temperament at infant age 5 months and 10 months, were used for predicting inhibition in social situations at 25 months of age. Stranger wariness as reflected in heart rate measures at 10 months proved to be predictive of social inhibition in toddlerhood and both wariness at 10 months and social inhibition at 25 months were found to be related positively to reactivity to sensory stimulation and negatively to frustration at age 10 months. It was suggested that stranger wariness during the first year of life reflects individual dispositions to respond with withdrawal in response to social novelty and that there are common temperamental underpinnings, such as reactivity to sensory stimulation and to frustration, to both stranger wariness at age 10 months and social inhibition in toddlerhood.

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Two Methods of Studying Stranger Reactivity in Infants: A Review

Cited by 26 publications

References 39 publications

Individual consistency in infant‐stranger encounters

Individual consistency in infant‐stranger encounters

Les Conduites Sociales Chez Des Enfants ‘Audacieux’ De 9–10 Mois*

Early temperament and stranger wariness as predictors of social inhibition in 2‐year‐olds

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