Two-Dimensional Nanostructures for Electrochemical Biosensor

Abstract

Current advancements in the development of functional nanomaterials and precisely designed nanostructures have created new opportunities for the fabrication of practical biosensors for field analysis. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials provide unique hierarchical structures, high surface area, and layered configurations with multiple length scales and porosity, and the possibility to create functionalities for targeted recognition at their surface. Such hierarchical structures offer prospects to tune the characteristics of materials—e.g., the electronic properties, performance, and mechanical flexibility—and they provide additional functions such as structural color, organized morphological features, and the ability to recognize and respond to external stimuli. Combining these unique features of the different types of nanostructures and using them as support for bimolecular assemblies can provide biosensing platforms with targeted recognition and transduction properties, and increased robustness, sensitivity, and selectivity for detection of a variety of analytes that can positively impact many fields. Herein, we first provide an overview of the recently developed 2D nanostructures focusing on the characteristics that are most relevant for the design of practical biosensors. Then, we discuss the integration of these materials with bio-elements such as bacteriophages, antibodies, nucleic acids, enzymes, and proteins, and we provide examples of applications in the environmental, food, and clinical fields. We conclude with a discussion of the manufacturing challenges of these devices and opportunities for the future development and exploration of these nanomaterials to design field-deployable biosensors.

Recent progress of nanostructure-based enrichment of circulating tumor cells and downstream analysis

“…Their surfaces can be modified with other materials, and their end groups are easy to functionalize, resulting in hybrid structures with enhanced electrical, catalytic or optical properties and detection capabilities, which are widely used in biosensing. 113 Graphene oxide has unique optical properties, controllable size and easy surface modification with polyethylene glycolbased chemicals. It is an attractive nanomaterial in drug delivery and biosensing.…”

Advances in electrochemical detection methods for measuring contaminants of emerging concerns

“…[235] Electrochemical detection provides an alternative tool due to their relatively straightforward working protocol and ease of miniaturization. [236,237] Several electrochemical strategies based on direct or indirect detection mechanisms and immunological detection have been reported in literature [238][239][240][241][242][243][244] and a few selected ones are summarized below. Reproduced with permission from ref.…”

Recent Developments and Future Perspective on Electrochemical Glucose Sensors Based on 2D Materials

“…With the great advancements in nanotechnology over the last decade, there has been a surge in research interest in nanomaterial-based electrochemical glucose sensors. Combining glucose biosensors with the distinct properties of developing nanostructures based on two-dimensional (2D) advanced materials has resulted in significantly better sensor performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity [ 15 ]. These recent advances have also improved the key sensor properties related to biofouling, long-term use, limit of detection, and wearability.…”